DIABETES AI Flashcards
(42 cards)
What are the types of diabetes?
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
- Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)
- Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
- Secondary diabetes
MODY is hereditary, LADA is often treated like type 2, and secondary diabetes can occur due to various medical conditions or medications.
Define type 2 diabetes.
A chronic condition characterized by the body’s inability to effectively use insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.
Insulin is produced by the pancreas and helps regulate glucose levels.
What is insulin resistance?
When the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, requiring the pancreas to produce more insulin to maintain stable blood sugar levels.
What is pancreas exhaustion?
When the pancreas can no longer keep up with the increased demand for insulin, leading to rising blood glucose levels.
What is hyperglycaemia?
Chronically high blood sugar, a hallmark of full-blown type 2 diabetes.
What are some risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
- Genetics
- Obesity or overweight
- Inactivity
- Age
- Race/Ethnicity
- Other conditions
Conditions like prediabetes and gestational diabetes also increase risk.
List common signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
- Increased urination
- Excessive thirst
- Unexplained weight loss
- Feeling very tired
- Blurred vision
- Slow healing wounds
- Frequent infections
- Tingling or numbness in hands and feet
What is the HbA1c diagnostic criterion for diabetes?
6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or higher.
What does fasting plasma glucose (FPG) measure?
Blood sugar levels after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours.
What are the blood glucose targets before meals for non-pregnant adults with diabetes?
4 to 7 mmol/L.
What is the cholesterol target for individuals with diabetes?
- Total cholesterol: < 4 mmol/L
- LDL cholesterol: < 2 mmol/L
- HDL cholesterol: > 1 mmol/L in men and > 1.2 mmol/L in women
- Triglycerides: < 1.7 mmol/L
What is the recommended physical activity for individuals with diabetes?
150 minutes per week, including both resistance and cardiovascular training.
What are common medications prescribed for type 2 diabetes?
- Biguanides (e.g., metformin)
- Sulphonylureas (e.g., gliclazide)
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose)
- DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin)
- SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., dapagliflozin)
What is the primary action of Biguanides?
They increase insulin sensitivity and reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis.
True or False: Alcohol can cause hypoglycaemia.
True.
What is the glycaemic index (GI)?
A ranking system that measures how quickly carbohydrate-containing foods raise blood sugar levels.
Fill in the blank: The maximum recommended alcohol intake for diabetic patients is _______ units.
14
What are the microvascular complications of diabetes?
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Diabetic neuropathy
Neuropathy can lead to peripheral and autonomic nerve damage.
What dietary modifications are recommended for managing type 2 diabetes?
- Moderate intake of carbohydrates
- Promote a low glycaemic index diet
- Encourage healthy BMI between 20-25 kg/m2
What is the ideal body weight formula?
Ideal body weight (kg) = height^2 x desired BMI.
What is the role of dietary education programmes like DESMOND?
To educate and support individuals with diabetes in self-management.
List the side effects of Biguanides.
- Nausea
- Diarrhoea
- Decreased B12 absorption
- Lactic acidosis (rare but fatal)
What are the signs of hypoglycaemia?
- Sweating
- Shakiness
- Confusion
- Dizziness
- Hunger
- Irritability
What is the treatment for hypoglycaemia?
15-20g of fast-acting carbohydrates (e.g., fruit juice, glucose tablets).
