T1dm Cvd AI Flashcards
(49 cards)
What is Type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to chronically high blood glucose levels.
Accounts for approximately 10-20% of diabetes cases.
What are the common symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
- Polyuria
- Excess thirst
- Excess fatigue
- Unintentional weight loss
- Genital itching or thrush
- Cuts and wounds take longer to heal
- Blurred eyesight
- Increased hunger
These symptoms can indicate high blood glucose levels.
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A life-threatening condition that occurs when the body breaks down fats/proteins for energy in the absence of insulin, leading to high levels of ketones and acidic blood.
This condition is often associated with high blood glucose levels.
What are the target blood glucose levels during pregnancy?
- <5.3mmol/l
- 1 hour post meal <7.8mmol/L
- 2 hours post meal <6.4mmol/L
- Target for HbA1c <54mmol/L
These targets help manage blood glucose levels effectively during pregnancy.
What is basal insulin?
Long-acting insulin that works in the background to manage hepatic gluconeogenesis.
It mimics the pancreas’ function in glucose management.
What is bolus insulin?
Fast-acting insulin taken 10-15 minutes prior to meals to target carbohydrate intake.
This type of insulin is crucial for managing post-meal blood glucose spikes.
Fill in the blank: Rapid acting insulin lasts _______.
2-5 hours.
What factors affect insulin absorption rates?
- Exercise
- Temperature
- Massage
- Injection site
Different body areas absorb insulin at varying rates, with the stomach absorbing fastest.
What are some side effects of insulin therapy?
- Hypoglycaemia
- Local allergic reaction
- Lipohypertrophy
These side effects can vary the absorption of insulin.
What is the role of continuous glucose monitors?
They sit just under the skin and use Bluetooth to send glucose information to a mobile device or handheld monitor.
This technology helps patients and healthcare providers track glucose levels in real-time.
What dietary modifications are recommended for Type 1 diabetes?
- Moderate carbohydrate intake
- Low glycemic index diet
- Encourage healthy BMI (20-25kg/m2)
- Calculate initial caloric needs
Weight management is crucial for controlling blood glucose levels.
What is the maximum advised alcohol intake for diabetes patients?
14 units per week.
What is the treatment for hypoglycaemia?
- 15-20g of carbohydrates
- 200ml pure fruit juice
- 250ml Lucozade
- 4-5 jelly babies
- 3-5 glucose tablets
- 150-200ml sugary drinks
Quick treatment is essential to restore blood glucose levels.
What is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition where fatty deposits build up inside arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.
This condition is linked to several risk factors including hypertension and high cholesterol.
What are the two types of cardiovascular disease prevention?
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
Primary prevention focuses on preventing disease in healthy individuals, while secondary prevention manages existing conditions.
What is Virchow’s triad?
A set of three factors leading to thrombosis: endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, and blood stasis.
These factors increase the risk of clot formation in blood vessels.
What are non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
- Age
- Sex
- Genetics
- Ethnicity
These factors cannot be changed but influence an individual’s risk profile.
What lifestyle factors are considered modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
- Diet
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Physical inactivity
- Stress
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
Modifying these factors can significantly decrease CVD risk.
What is insulin resistance?
A condition where cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to high blood glucose and insulin levels.
It is a significant risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease.
What is the significance of dyslipidaemia?
It refers to abnormal lipid levels in the blood, which can predict risks of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and severe atherosclerosis.
Monitoring lipid levels is crucial in assessing cardiovascular risk.
What is the ideal body weight calculation formula?
Ideal body weight (kg) = height² x desired BMI.
What are high-risk individuals for cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
Established CVD, stage 3+ CKD, familial hypocholesterolaemia, diabetes
CKD = Chronic Kidney Disease
What is xanthelasma palpebrarum?
Yellowish deposit of cholesterol underneath skin usually around eyelids
It is associated with LDL levels and acts as a cutaneous marker of atherosclerosis.
What does arcus cornae/senilis indicate?
Grey white yellowish rings in peripheral cornea caused by cholesterol deposits
Reflects adverse cardiovascular risk profile but is not an independent predictor of risk.
