CVS 1 Intro To CVS

Question 1

What is first line imaging technique from the heart?

Answer 1

Ultrasound

Question 2

Where do the coronary arteries branch from?

Answer 2

Ascending aorta
Aortic sinuses

Question 3

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

Answer 3

Right marginal
Right posterior interventricular artery

Question 4

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

Answer 4

Left circumflex artery
Left anterior descending/interventricular
Left marginal

Question 5

What is the pericardium?

Answer 5

Membrane enclosing the heart

Question 6

Outline the structure of the pericardium

Answer 6

• Outer fibrous layer
• Inner double layer of serous layer with an inner visceral layer
• Outer parietal layer

Question 7

What does a thickened pericardium cause?

Answer 7

The heart to be constrained which increases pressure

Question 8

What are the three layers of tissue in the heart?

Answer 8

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 9

Describe the epicardium

Answer 9

Top layer
Serous membrane
Smooth outer surface of heart

Question 10

Describe of myocardium

Answer 10

Middle layer
Made of cardiac muscle cells
Function: heart contracting

Question 11

Describe the endocardium

Answer 11

Deep layer
Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

Question 12

What are the pectinate muscles?

Answer 12

Muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall

Question 13

What are the trabeculae carnae?

Answer 13

Muscular ridges and columns on inside of walls of ventricles

Question 14

List the layers of the heart

Answer 14

Simple squamous epithelium
Loose connective tissue and adipose
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Trabeculae carnae

Question 15

What branches off the ascending aorta?

Answer 15

Right and left coronary arteries

Question 16

What branches of the arch of the aorta?

Answer 16

• brachiocephalic trunk > right subclavian + right common carotid arteries
• left subclavian artery
• left common carotid artery

Question 17

What does the endothelium in blood vessels do?

Answer 17

Stops blood sticking and forming plaques

Question 18

What allows the heart to beat in a minimal friction environment?

Answer 18

Pericardial fluid

Question 19

What does pericardial fluid allow?

Answer 19

The heart to beat in a minimal friction environment

Question 20

What is a cardiac tamponade?

Answer 20

Compression of heart causing a fall in arterial blood pressure

Question 21

What is a pericardial effusion?

Answer 21

Buildup of excess fluid in pericardium

Question 22

What is a pericardiocentesis?

Answer 22

Insertion of a needle into pericardial space to remove the fluid

Question 23

What is the typical cardiac output of a 70kg man at rest?

Answer 23

5 l/min

Question 24

Why does a pericardial effusion prevent the heart properly filling in diastole?

Answer 24

Outer layer of fibrous pericardium cannot expand causing fluid to compress the heart - cardiac tamponade

Question 25

Where do the left and right coronary artery arise form?

Answer 25

Left aortic sinus Right aortic sinus

Question 26

Where on the chest would you palpate for the apex beat?

Answer 26

Left 5th intercostal space Midclavicular line

Question 27

When do coronary arteries fill?

Answer 27

During diastole

Question 28

Causes of pericarditis

Answer 28

Heart attack Heart surgery Viral, bacterial + fungal infection

Question 29

Advantages and disadvantages of a catheter based angiography

Answer 29

Invasive Picture of blockage Dynamic - can act on issue at same time *e.g. balloon, stent*

Question 30

Advantages and disadvantages of a CT coronary angiogram

Answer 30

Less invasive than catheter - dye added IV Can’t act on it at same time - referral needed

Question 31

Describe a catheter based angiography

Answer 31

Catheter inserted into artery in groin, arm or neck and threaded to blood vessels in heart - dye is added X ray used to see coronary arteries

Question 32

How is dye added in a CT coronary angiogram?

Answer 32

Intravenously

Question 33

What dye is normally used for angiograms?

Answer 33

Iodine

Question 34

What is a percutaneous coronary intervention?

Answer 34

Group of minimal invasive procedures used to open clogged coronary arteries

Question 35

If a catheter is entered in the **left** wrist, list the vessels it would pass through to reach the coronary arteries

Answer 35

Radial > brachial > axillary > left subclavian > aorta > coronary artery

Question 36

If a catheter is entered in the **right** wrist, list the vessels it would pass through to reach the coronary arteries

Answer 36

Radial > brachial > axillary > right subclavian > brachiocephalic > aorta > coronary artery

Question 37

What does the left circumflex artery supply?

Answer 37

Left atrium and ventricle

Question 38

What does the right coronary artery supply?

Answer 38

Right atrium + ventricle

Question 39

What does the left anterior descending artery supply?

Answer 39

Right + left ventricle Septum

Question 40

Where do the coronary veins drain into?

Answer 40

Coronary sinus > empties into the right atrium

Question 41

What is the cardiothoracic ratio

Answer 41

Ratio between the horizontal width of the heart : horizontal width of chest

Question 42

What should the cardiothroacic ratio in a healthy patient be?

Answer 42

<50%

Question 43

What can cause the cardiothoracic ratio to increase above 50%?

Answer 43

Ventricluar dilation Ventricluar hypertrophy Pericardial effusion

Question 44

What are the right, left and inferior borders of the heart

Answer 44

**Right** - right atrium **Left** - left ventricle **Inferior** - right ventricle

Question 45

Why does a blockage in the right coronary artery causes rhythm disturbance?

Answer 45

Supplies SAN and AVN in some people

Question 46

What do the marginal arteries supply?

Answer 46

Respective ventricle

Question 47

What supplies the apex of the heart?

Answer 47

Right marginal artery

Question 48

What does the transverse pericardial sinus separate?

Answer 48

Aorta and pulmonary trunk from venous inflow to heart