CVS

Question 1

what is the next if the systolic is at least 180 or the diastolic is 120 and above?

Answer 1

Same day referral for accelerated HTN

Question 2

What are some causes of secondary hypertension?

Answer 2

Renal artery stenosis
* Pheochromocytoma
* Aortic coarctation
* Cushing disease
* Primary hyperaldosteronism aka Conn’s Syndrome
* Hyperparathyroidism
* Renal parenchymal disease (glomerulonephritis, nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease)
* Alcohol
* Pregnancy
* Medications (oestrogen, NSAIDs, steroids)

Question 3

What is Phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 3

• Rare tumor of the adrenal glands, specifically from the chromaffin cells
• Dysregulated release of adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 4

What are some symptoms of aortic coaration?

Answer 4

Radio-femoral delay, systolic ejection murmur, diminished lower extremity pulses,
differential upper and lower extremity BP

Question 5

What are some symptoms of Phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 5

Anxiety or panic attacks, palpitations, tremor, sweating,
headache, flushing, nausea. Labile hypertension, tachycardia, bradycardia,
orthostatic hypotension

Question 6

Name some complication with hypertension?

Answer 6

CAD
stroke
Chronic kidney disease
Peripheral artery disease

Question 7

What is the pathophysilolgy of aortic dissection?

Answer 7

Atherosclerosis and constant exposure to high pressure leads to weakening of aortic wall
 intimal tear  blood flows into this space
* Mostly takes place in ascending aorta

Question 8

What are the symptoms of aortic dissection?

Answer 8

Sudden, severe pain (tearing in character, interscapula
or anterior chest
* Nausea, vomiting, syncope, sweating

Question 9

What are some side effects of diarectics?

Answer 9

ED
Gout
Hyponaterimia
Postural hypotension
Hypokalemia
Hyperglycemia
Rash
Polyuria

Question 10

What is the diagnosis of Orthostatic hypertension?

Answer 10

Fall in systolic BP of at least 20 mmHg +/- fall in diastolic blood pressure of at least 10
mmHg

Question 11

What are some causes of othrostatic hypertension?

Question 12

Symptoms of othorstatic hypertension

Answer 12

Dizziness, weakness, blurry vision, lightheadness

Question 13

What medications can be used to treat orthostatic hypertension?

Answer 13

Fludrocortisone, high-salt diet. Alpha-receptor agonists
(midodrine)

Question 14

What are some possible cause of aortic reguration?

Answer 14

Rhematic disease
Infective endocardtis
Aortic dissection
Congential bicuspid aortic valve

Question 15

What type of mumur is AR?

Answer 15

Mid- diastolic

Question 16

What type of mumur is MS?

Answer 16

Mid- diastolic

Question 17

Symptoms of aortic regurgitation

Answer 17

Severe AR can present with
* Palpitations
* Exertional dyspnoea
* PND
* Orthopnoea

Question 18

Symptoms Mitral stenosis

Answer 18

Dyspnoea
* Haemoptysis
* PND
* Orthopnoea
* Right-sided heart failure
* Peripheral oedema
* Hepatomegaly etc

Question 19

Symptoms of mitral reguritation

Answer 19

. Dyspnoea on exertion
* Fatigue
* Palpitations
* PND
* Orthopnoea
* Peripheral oedema

Question 20

Symptoms of tricuspid stenosis

Answer 20

RUQ pain
hepatosplenomegly
Elevated JVP
edema
ascites

Question 21

Symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 21

May remain asymptomatic
* Symptoms
* Fatigue
* Dyspnoea
* Peripheral oedema
* Signs
* Heart murmur
* Pitting oedema
* Elevated JVP

Question 22

Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis

Answer 22

Asymptomatic
* Symptoms if severe
* Fatigue
* Dyspnoea on exertion
* Angina
* Exertional syncope
* Fatigue

Question 23

Symptoms of pulmonary regurgitation

Answer 23

Often asymptomatic
* Symptoms
* Dyspnoea on exertion
* Fatigue
* Non-exertional chest pain
* PND
* Orthopnoea