ENT Flashcards
(38 cards)
Name some examples of ototoxic drugs
Aminogloysides, macrolides antimalarials ,NSAIDS,chemotheraputic agents
What is acoustic neuroma?
benign slow gorwing tumor on the vestibucochelar nerve and it compresses the nerve resulting in symptoms that affecting hearing and balance
what are the signs and symptoms of acoustic neuroma?
Face pain and weakness
Tinntus
Hearing loss
blurred vision
Headache
signs
Gait distubance
Unilateral
sensorineural
hearing loss.
Nystagmus
What is the mangament of Acoustic neuroma?
Diagnosis- audiogram
Refer to ENT (dependant on the size - they may need radiation or surgery)
What do you examinations and investigation do you carry out of a patient is suspected to have tinnitus?
examinations
1) ENT
2) Neuro
3) Parts of cardio exam- listening for any mumurs,bruits
Investigations
1) Bloods- FBC,TFTs, random or fasting glucose
what is the treatment of tinnitus?
Formal hearing testing
Investigations for unilateral, pulsatile and
objective tinnitus are required.
Investigations for hearing asymmetry is
required.
Hearing therapy or tinnitus psychology
Hearing aids if indicated
If pulsatile or objective tinnitus – refer AVM
or ENT.
What bacterias can cause AOM?
Bacterial
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis,
Streptococcus pyogenes
What is the pathophysiology of mastoiditis?
infection from the middle ear spreading to the mastoid bone and the Bone erodes leading to subperiosteal abscess
What are the signs and symptoms of mastoiditis?
Pain
Protruding ear
Erthymea
What can be the different cause of TM perforation?
Trauma
Physical abuse red flag
Foreign body
Forceful ear irrigation
Acute otitis media
Chronic otitis media
Middle ear barotrauma (e.g. scuba
Injury)
What are the signs ad symptoms of TM?
Symptoms
Otalgia
Otorrhoea
Sudden hearing
loss
Tinnitus
Dizziness
Signs
Bloody and/or
purulent
otorrhoea
Perforated
tympanic
membrane
Decreased
hearing affected
ear
What is the management of TM?
Spontaneously heal within 2
months
Do not put anything in affected ear
Avoid water ear - caution while
showering
Warm, moist compress for pain
Acetaminophen or ibuprofen
Antibiotics if related to infection
Refer for potential surgery if not
healing
What is the management of allergic rhinitis?
Saline irrigation and avoidance
Anti-histamine
Intranasal Corticosteroids
If treatment fails refer to ENT and go for an allergy test
What is the investigations for nasal polyps?
Clinical diagnosis
Nasal endoscopy
CT of sinuses
What is the treatment for acute bacterial sinusitis?
Phenomethylpenicilln
if allergic doxycline
What is the treatment for acute viral sinusitis?
Consertive treatment
Nasal spray
saline spray
Angelsia
What are possible causes of nose bleeds?
Drugs- cocaine,decongestants
Tramua- Nose picking
systematic drugs - asprin, anti-platelets
Inflammation- infection sinusnitis ,poylps, allegic rhinitis
Tumour
environment
nasal oxygen
clotting disorder
Excessive alcohol consumption
What is the management for nose bleed if the bleeding hasnt stopped after 15 min
Admit
nasal packing
nasla cuterastion
What is the presentation of a nasal fracture an what is the management?
prsentation
Nasal deformity, nasal obstruction, painful palpation,
swelling/discolouration, epistaxis
Management
see in 7 day MUA(manipulation under anaesthesia)
What conditions can cause a stridor?
Croup
inhaled FB
Anaphylaxis
epiglottis
What is the management of epiglottis?
Call 999 if in primary care
1) Intubate- open airway
2) Oxygen
3) IV antibiotics and bleep ENT
what is the sign that you will see on the lateral x-ray of a patient who has epiglottis?
The thumb print sign
What is the criteria for Laryngeal and oral cancer?
Laryngeal cancer
Age ≥45 with
Persistent unexplained hoarseness or
Unexplained neck mass
▫ Oral cancer
Unexplained oral ulceration >3 weeks or
Persistent unexplained neck mass
What are some risk factors to head and neck cancers?
HPV 16
smoking
Alcohol
Diet- salt cured fish
exposure to chemicals
Formaldehyde
* Pre-cancerous conditions
▫ Leukoplakia
