Urology Flashcards
(20 cards)
What a the typical symptoms of bladder cancer?
Painless visible hematuria present in most patients
other symptoms include:
Non-visible haematuria: around half as likely to be linked to bladder cancer as visible haematuria
Difficulty passing urine
Change to urinary frequency and/or urgency
Recurrent urinary tract infections
Pelvic pain
Back pain
Weight loss
Fatigue
What is the refferal criteria?
Aged 45+ with unexplained visible haematuria without UTI or persistent/recurrent visible haematuria post-UTI treatment.
Aged 60+ with unexplained non-visible haematuria and either dysuria or raised white cell count.
What is the gold standard diagnosis for bladder cancer?
Cytoscopy
What are the possible treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer?
Radiotherapy
cytosectomy
What are the possible treatment for non-muscle invasive treatment?
TURBT
intravesical therapy
Which patient should be consider for non-urgent referral?
in people aged 60yrs with unexplained recurrent or persistent UTI
what are some risk factors of bladder cancer?
Smoking
age
Male
schistosomiasis.
chronic inflammation- infection or long term catheter)
occupational exposure (rubber, dyes, textiles, paints, solvents)
Pelvic radiation
What is epididymo-oritis?
Inflammation of the epididymis and the testes
Causes epididymo-oritis?
UTI
STI
TB
Autoimmune
Inflammtory
Investigations of for epidiymo-orchrits
U/S testes, MSU, NAAT
what is the managment for epididymo-orchitis
Due to STI- IM stat ceftriaxone plus ofloxacin 200mg BD for
10-14 days
Severe EO- IV cefuroxime +/- gentamicin for 3-5 days, if
allergic ofloxacin for 14 days
Older/none sexual- related to urinary tract- ofloxacin or
levofloxacin 14 days
what is pyelonephritis and what are the classical symptoms ?
infection of one or both kidneys that as arised from the the bladder.
Vomiting, nausea ,flank pain and fever
What is the most common causative pathogen that cause pyelonephritis ?
e.coli
what is the management for pyelonephritis?
For women who are not pregnant, men, and people with an indwelling catheter –
1) ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice a day for 7 days;
2) trimethoprim 200mg twice a day for 14 days; 3) co-amoxiclav 500/125 mg three times a day for 7-10 days; or cefalexin 500mg twice or three times a day (up to 1– 1.5g three or four times a day for severe infections) for 7-10 days should be prescribed.
How long does must a scortal elporation be done in?
6 hours
What is the major risk factor for patient with testicular torsion?
Bell clapper deformity
What is fournier gangrene & risk factors?
This is a type of necrotising fasciitis that affects the
perineum and external genitalia caused by both
anaerobic/aerobic bacteria
* RF- diabetes, etoh use, malignancies, chronic steroid
use, HIV infection, malnutrition, morbid obesity
what are the risk factors for Fournire gangrene?
Diabetes,alcohol use,age,malignancies, chronic steroid
use, HIV infection, malnutrition, morbid obesity
What are the investigation for fournires gangrene?
FBC, U+E’s, ABG (assess lactate for ischaemia),
Blood sugar
Blood and urine culture
INR
Imaging- CT (assess the severity)
AXR- gas forming structures
What is the management of FG?
Medical and Surgical
Emphasis-
Treat both aerobic and anaerobic with triple therapy
antoibiotics
Clindamycin + ciprofloxacin and metronidazole
Surgical
Repeated aggressive debridement
Relook day 1
Extensive plastics involvement
