CVS Anatomy Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
The tunica intimate is made up of:
A
simple squamous epithelium
basement membrane
connective tissue
2
Q
The tunica media is made up of:
A
smooth muscle tissue
elastic tissue
3
Q
The tunica adventitia is made up of:
A
fibrous connective tissue
4
Q
Arteries have a smaller _____ than paired veins
A
diameter
5
Q
Artery walls are ______ than paired veins
A
thicker
6
Q
Arteries have
A
thick media
thin adventitia
7
Q
Veins have
A
thin media
thick adventitia
8
Q
Examples of elastic, large conducting arteries are
A
aorta
common carotid
pulmonary artery
9
Q
Examples of muscular, distributing arteries are
A
coronary arteries
radial
femoral
10
Q
Arterioles are
A
terminal branches that supply blood to capillary bed
11
Q
In systole, elastic arteries are _______
A
stretched
12
Q
Muscular arteries control
A
distribution of blood to regions
13
Q
In muscular arteries, there are no
A
elastic lamina (between muscle cells in T. media)
14
Q
In muscular arteries, the T. media is
A
thick
made of smooth muscle cells
15
Q
In muscular arteries, the elastic sheets are
A
the IEL (internal elastic lamina) the EEL (external elastic lamina)
16
Q
In elastic arteries, elastic fibres are
A
excessively found in T. media in layers called laminae
17
Q
Arterioles don’t have 2 layers, they are:
A
No IEL
No T. Adventitia
18
Q
Capillaries don’t have 2 layers, they are:
A
No T. media
No T. Adventitia
19
Q
What are pericytes?
A
incomplete layer of cells surrounding basement membrane
20
Q
Continous capillaries do what?
A
Control exchange
Selective transport
21
Q
Fenestrated capillaries do what?
A
have pores
filter molecules by molecular weight and/or charge
22
Q
Discontinuous capillaries do what?
A
large amount of exchange
T. intima contains phagocytic cells
23
Q
In veins, the following layers are what? T. intima is \_\_\_\_\_ IEL and EEL are \_\_\_\_\_\_ T. media is \_\_\_\_\_\_ T. adventitia is \_\_\_\_\_\_
A
thin
thin/absent
thin/absent
collagenous tissue
24
Q
Valves help prevent
A
back flow of blood
25
Superficial vs Deep veins regarding support:
Superficial
- thick walled
- no surrounding supports
Deep
- thin walled
- support from deep fascia and muscles
26
The lymphatic system drains into
the systemic venous system
27
Lymphatic system is clinically important regarding
metastases of tumour cells/cancer
28
Lymph capillaries contain
```
thin endothelium
no fenestrations
blind ends
no basal lamina
no RBCs in lumen
```
29
The nerve supply to the skin is
sympathetic
30
The heart supply to the heart is
sympathetic and parasympathetic
31
Ischaemia =
reduction in blood supply
32
Infarction =
total cut off of blood supply = tissue death
33
Common Iliac arteries arise in
L4, iliac fossae
34
External iliac arteries arise at
L5, become femoral artery
35
Internal iliac arteries arise at
L5, supply pelvic viscera
36
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
L4
37
The common iliac artery bifurcates at
L5
38
The common iliac turns into the _____ artery and supplies _______
femoral
| whole lower limb
39
The superior mediastinum contains which great arteries?
aortic arach
brachiocephalic
left common carotid
left subclavian
40
Superior mediastinum contains which veins?
brachiocephalic
| upper half of SVC
41
Superior mediastinum contains which 2 nerves?
vagus
| phrenic
42
The superior mediastinum contains which two related structures?
trachea
| oesophagus
43
The inferior mediastinum is split into three things
anterior
middle
posterior
44
The anterior inferior mediastinum contains
the thymus (disappears after puberty)
45
The middle inferior mediastinum contains
heart
pericardium
roots of great vessels
arch of azygous
46
The posterior mediastinum contains
```
descending aorta
oesophagus
thoracic duct
azygous vein
sympathetic chain
```
47
Right border of heart =
right atrium
48
Left border of heart =
mainly left ventricle (with lil bit of left auricle)
49
Inferior border of heart =
mainly right ventricle (lil bit of left too)
50
Superior border of heart =
R + L atria (auricles in anterior views)
51
Anterior/sternocostal heart surface =
left ventricle mostly
52
Posterior surface/base of heart =
left atrium
53
Inferior/diaphragmatic heart surface =
R + L ventricle (mostly left)
54
Heart valve listening order =
PAMT
55
Beginning and termination of aorta arch =
T4
56
Azygous vein drains into _______ from ________
SVC
| Posterior thoracic wall
57
The right posterior mediastinum drains into the
azygous vein
58
The left posterior mediastinum drains into the
hemiazygous vein(s) at T8/9
59
3 main branches of SVC =
L + R brachiocephalic veins
| azygous vein
60
2 main tributaries of IVC =
L + R common iliac veins
61
Subclavian artery becomes the axillary at the end of the
collar bone
62
Brachial artery branches into _____ + _____ under the ________
radial, ulnar
| elbow
63
radial is more ____________ than ulnar
superficial
64
median cubital vein is found in the
cubital fossa (superficial)
65
median cubital vein used as
entry site for a drip
66
Pulse points =
```
carotid
apex beat
brachial
radial
abdominal aorta
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis
```
67
posterior tibial enters foot where?
sole of food inferior to medial malleolus
68
DVT =
clot/thrombus in deep vein (mostly in legs)
69
PE =
detachment/embolisation of clot that travels to lungs
70
varicose veins appear
twisted, large
71
varicose veins are caused by
leaflets of valves not working = valvular incompetence
72
varicose veins allow blood to
flow backwards in veins = enlargement
73
the great saphenous vein drains into the
femoral vein
74
small saphenous vein drains into the
popliteal vein
75
great and small saphenous veins arise from
dorsal venous arch (top/dorsum of foot)
76
the pericardium covers the ______ and is made of _________ epithelium
heart
| simple squamous
77
the outermost layer of the heart is made of ______ and is called the _______
dense fibrous connective tissue
fibrous pericardium
78
order the layers of the heart from inside to outside
```
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
pericardial cavity
parietal layer of serous pericardium
fibrous pericardium
```
79
what is the function of the outer pericardium?
protects heart
anchors to surrounding walls
prevents overfilling
80
what layer belongs to both the heart wall and serous pericardium?
epicardium
81
what layer is permanently attached to the inner side of the fibrous pericardium?
parietal layer of serous pericardium
82
what is cardiac tamponade?
excess fluid gathers in pericardial cavity
83
what does cardiac tamponade cause?
increased P exerted by the excess fluid on the heart wall impedes hearts ability to pump
84
describe the innervation of the visceral pericardium (and heart wall)
autonomic innervation from T1-4 nerves and vagus (via cardiac plexus)
85
the parietal and fibrous layers are innervated by
phrenic nerve
86
which layers of the heart have pain fibres?
fibrous pericardium
| parietal serous pericardium
87
the left atrium is situated
superior posterior of heart
88
the left atrium lies anterior to the
oesophagus
89
auricles increase what?
capacity of atria
| volume of blood heart can contain
90
the apex is formed by the
left ventricle mainly
91
the apex is found at the
5th intercostal space midclavicular line
92
the fossa ovals is found in the
right atrium
93
the fossa ovals is a remnant of
foramen ovale in foetus
94
function of foramen ovale =
allows oxygenated blood coming from umbilical vein (via the IVC) to bypass the lungs
95
ASD (atrial septal defect) is a congenital heart condition that causes a defect in the intertribal septum. What does this cause?
allows pulmonary venous blood return from left atrium to enter the right atrium directly
96
what is the moderator band?
connects IV septum with anterior wall of right ventricle
97
what is the function of the moderator band?
primary conduction path into free wall
98
which ventricle is thicker and by how much?
left x 3
99
why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?
it pumps blood to the whole body, right had side only pumps blood to the lungs
100
the left ventricle contains which valves? how many cusps do they have?
```
mitral valve (2 cusps - bicuspid)
aortic valve (3 cusps)
```
101
the left ventricle contains which valves? how many cusps do they have?
```
tricuspid valve (3)
pulmonary valve (3)
```
102
the papillary muscles attach to the valve cusps via the
chordae tendinae
103
what are the chord tendinae?
tendons that connect papillary muscles to cusps of valves (tricuspid and mitral in ventricles)
104
blood supply of heart wall =
L + R coronary arteries/branches
105
blood from heart wall drains into
cardiac veins (to cardiac sinus) to the RA
106
where are the cardiac arteries and veins?
lie together in atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus and inter ventricular sulci of heart wall
107
list the main coronary arteries of the heart
```
right coronary (branches into right marginal)
left anterior descending
circumflex
left main
posterior interventricular
```
108
coronary arteries arise from
aortic sinuses at root of the ascending aorta
109
right and left main coronary arteries anastomose in the
coronary sulcus
110
circumflex and left anterior descending arteries anastomose in the
interventricular sulcus
111
where does the right coronary supply?
RA, RV
AV node + bundle
SA node
112
where does the left coronary artery supply?
both ventricles, IV septum
left atrium
SA node partly
113
great cardiac veins lie alongside the _____ in the ______
anterior interventricular artery
| anterior interventricular groove
114
middle cardiac veins lie alongside ______ in the _________
posterior interventricular artery
| posterior interventricular groove
115
small cardiac veins lie alongside the _______ in the __________
right coronary artery
| right inferior margin of heart
116
the coronary sulcus lies alongside the _______ in the __________
circumflex artery
| IV sulcus on posterior surface of heart
117
anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the _____ via the ________
right atrium
| coronary sulcus
118
venae cordis minimae are small veins which drain the ______ to the ________
heart wall
| each chamber of the heart
119
lymphatics from the heart drain to the
tracheobronchial and mediastinal nodes
120
cardiac cells regenerate poorly or well?
poorly
121
motor fibres innervate/influence the heart nodes, these are called
Purkinje fibres
122
The SA node lies near the
opening of the SVC in RA
123
AV node lies in the
inferior part of ventricular septum
124
AV bundle of His lies on
each side of ventricular septum
125
describe the pain felt in cardiac ischaemia
carried to levels T1-4 of spinal cord via afferent fibres within symp nerves supplying heart
126
in cardiac ischaemia, a severe constricting pain is felt
on anterior chest wall
medial left arm
(referred pain)
127
heart valves are formed from the
tunica intima of vessels
128
conducting arteries are close to the
heart
129
elastic, distribuation arteries are found
further from heart
| muscular
130
arterioles stem from
muscular arteries
131
pulmonary valve is found
2nd ic space, left of sternum
132
aortic valve is found
2nd ic space, right of sternum
133
mitral (bicuspid) valve is found
5th ic space, midclavicular line
134
tricuspid valve is found
5th ic space, left sternal edge
135
the pectinate muscles are
muscle ridges found in RA
136
pectinate muscles functions
increases force of the atrial contraction without increasing heart mass
137
the opening behing the aorta is the
pulmonary valve
138
joined to the parietal layer is the
fibrous pericardium
139
the aortic arch can be found at level
T4
140
the heart takes up _____% of the thorax
50%
141
the carina is where the
trachea bifurcates
142
the carina is described as the
last C shaped ring of tracheal cartilage
143
the C shaped rings of the trachea are completed by the
trachealis muscle
144
the rib space corresponds to the space _____ its matching rib
below
145
T4 dermatome = what structure(s)
nipples
146
T10 dermatome = what structure(s)
belly button (umbilicus)
147
Name the 2 muscles in the costal sulcus
internal +
| innermost intercostal muscles
148
the 2nd costal cartilage articulates with
lateral facet at manubriosternal joint
149
in a histological image of the alveoli, what predominant tissue is shown?
connective elastic tissue
150
patent ductus arteriosus is
failure of the duct between aorta and pulmonary artery to close before birth
151
the tracheobronchial nodes drain the
left main bronchus
