CVS Embryology

Question 1

When does the primordial heart begin to function?

Answer 1

Start of 4th week

Question 2

Vasculogenesis =

Answer 2

blood vessel formation

Question 3

Angiogensis =

Answer 3

vessels develop by sprouting/branching from pre-exsisting vessels

Question 4

The 5 stages in blood vessel development in the embryo are:

Answer 4

1. differentiation of mesenchymal cells
2. angioblasts
3. blood islands
4. small cavities appear in blood islands
5. endothelial lined cavities fuse to form endothelial channels

Question 5

The nervous system is formed by

Answer 5

ectodermal cells (brain and spinal cord)

Question 6

Blood vessels first appear where?

Answer 6

Wall of yolk sac

Question 7

Heart tubes are formed by..

Answer 7

canalisation of angioblastic cords

Question 8

Describe the arterial end of the tubular heart:

Answer 8

bulbus cordis
truncus arteriosus
aortic arches

Question 9

Describe the middle of the tubular heart

Answer 9

ventricle (arterial end)

atrium (sinus venosus end)

Question 10

Describe the venous end of the tubular heart

Answer 10

sinus venosus
two horns (L + R) 

one horn =
common cardinal vein
umbilibal vein
vitelline vein

Question 11

The serous pericardium =

Derived from…

Answer 11

parietal and visceral layer

intra-embryonic coelom

Question 12

Parital layer of serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium are derived from

Answer 12

somatopleuric mesoderm

Question 13

The splanchnopleuric mesoderm forms the

Answer 13

visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 14

What forms the U - shape loop called the bulboventricular loop?

Answer 14

bulbis cordis and ventricle grow faster than other regions, so form a loop

Question 15

What is dextrocardia?

Answer 15

Heart loop forms to left instead of right

Question 16

Development of cardiac septa happens

Answer 16

27th and 37th days of embryonic phase

Question 17

In atrial partioning, what things develop?

Answer 17

2 septum

2 foramen

Question 18

These septum are the:

Answer 18

septum prinum

septum secundum

Question 19

These foraminous are th:

Answer 19

foramen prinum

foramen secundum

Question 20

The fossa ovals is formed by

Answer 20

septum secundum appears on right of septum prinum

grows and overlaps foramen secondum

Question 21

Functions of oval foramen before birth

Answer 21

blood passage from left to right atria (non functioning lungs)
prevents passage of blood in opposite direction

Question 22

Functions of oval foramen after birth

Answer 22

increases pulmonary blood flow
shifts pressure to left atrium
remnant of metal fossa ovalis

Question 23

Non-closure of the fossa ovalis =

Answer 23

ASD - atrial septal defect

hole in the heart

Question 24

Where can a hole appear in VSD (ventricular septal defect)?

Answer 24

Anywhere in the septum

Question 25

The teratology of Fallot is made up by what 4 defects?

Answer 25

1. Pulmonary Stenosis 2. VSD 3. Dextroposition of aorta 4. Right ventricle hypertrophy

Question 26

The SA node develops

Answer 26

during 5th week

Question 27

Adult location of SA node is

Answer 27

high in right atrium | near entrance of SVC

Question 28

AV node and Bundle of His develop from

Answer 28

cells of AV canal and sinus venosus

Question 29

Crib death (or SIDS - sudden infant death syndrome) is caused by

Answer 29

abnormalities of conducting tissues

Question 30

The first arteries to appear are the

Answer 30

right and left primitive aortae

Question 31

Pharyngeal arches develop during weeks

Answer 31

4 and 5

Question 32

The 1st arch of the aortia =

Answer 32

maxillary arteries

Question 33

The hyoid and spatial arteries are from

Answer 33

the 2nd arch of the aorta

Question 34

The common carotid and first part of internal carotid arteries are from the

Answer 34

3rd aortic arch

Question 35

The 4th left aortic arch leads to

Answer 35

left common carotid | left subclavian artery

Question 36

The 4th right aortic arch leads to

Answer 36

the right subclavian artery (proximal portion)

Question 37

The 6th aortic arch on the left side makes the

Answer 37

left pulmonary artery | ductus arteriosus

Question 38

The 6th aortic arch on the right side makes the

Answer 38

right pulmonary artery

Question 39

The 5th aortic arch has the following fate:

Answer 39

terminae in dorsal aorta not present do not develop

Question 40

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the ______, which is from the _______

Answer 40

vagus | 10th cranial nerve

Question 41

The coronary arteries are from two sources

Answer 41

1. migration of proepicardial (angioblast) cells | 2. cells of epicardium

Question 42

The cardinal veins act as the

Answer 42

main drainage system of embyro

Question 43

List 4 venous system defects

Answer 43

1. double IVC 2. No IVC 3. Left SVC 4. Double SVC

Question 44

Lymphatic system develops at

Answer 44

end of week 6

Question 45

Thoracic duct develops from

Answer 45

caudal part of right thoracic duct

Question 46

What is congenital lymphedema?

Answer 46

dilation of lymphatic vessels

Question 47

Functions of the ductus venosus:

Answer 47

1. bypass blood from umbilical vein to IVC | 2. regulated by sphincter

Question 48

Function of oval foramen

Answer 48

diverts blood from right atrium to left atrium

Question 49

Function of ductus arteriosus

Answer 49

diverts blood from pulmonary trunk into descending aorta

Question 50

What does Patent Ductus Arterioles (PDS) cause?

Answer 50

1. failure of muscular wall to contract 2. RSD (resp distress syndrome) - low O2 3. lack of surfactant in lungs

Question 51

What causes a correction of the aorta?

Answer 51

incorporation of muscle tissue in ductus arterioles into arch of aorta

Question 52

Anti-clotting mechanisms in the endothelium include:

Answer 52

formation of platelet ring | formation of fibrin clot

Question 53

Thrombomodulin =

Answer 53

binds thrombin and inactivates it

Question 54

Heparin =

Answer 54

inactivates thrombin

Question 55

Starling's Forces (in exchange) include:

Answer 55

capillary hydrostatic pressure vs ISF hydrostatic pressure AND plamsa osmotic pressure vs ISF osmotic pressure

Question 56

Oedema is the

Answer 56

accumulation of excess fluid

Question 57

Ectopia cordis =

Answer 57

congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located either partially or totally outside of the thorax