CVS PATHOLOGY

Question 1

Normal weight in female and male

Answer 1

250-300

300-350

Question 2

changes in lungs

Answer 2

increased hydrostatic pressure
pulmonary edema and congestion
heart failure cells
brown induration of the lungs

Question 3

Changes in Kidneys

Answer 3

Stimulation of RAAS
salt and water retention
acute tubular necrosis
Pro-renal azotaemia

Question 4

Changes in liver

Answer 4

central hemorrhagic necrosis
Nutmeg appearance
cardiac sclerosis

Question 5

spleen changes

Answer 5

congestive splenomegaly

siderofibrotic nodules - Ghandygamma bodies

Question 6

hypertension values

Answer 6

greater than 140 and 90

Question 7

types of hypertension

Answer 7

essential

secondary

Question 8

cause of essential

Answer 8

genetics - genetic deffect in renal excretion and family cluster
environment - stress, obesity, increased salt intake

Question 9

cause of secondary

Answer 9

renal diseases
endocrine
vasucular
neurogenic

Question 10

blood pressure formula

Answer 10

C0 TIMES PR

Question 11

what disease in hyptn usually associated with?

Answer 11

coronary atherosclerosis

Question 12

characteristics of compensated hptn heart disease

Answer 12

steady cardiac output
concentric LVH
no dilatation
no vascular lesions

Question 13

characterisitcs of decompensated hptn heart disease

Answer 13

cardiac dilatiion
hypertrophy
lv dilation
cardiomegaly

Question 14

what organism causes rheumatic fever

Answer 14

group Aa B hemolytic streptococci

Question 15

which part of the layers of the heart are aschoff bodies common

Answer 15

myocardium

Question 16

diagnostic anatomic lesions of rheumatic fever

Answer 16

Aschoff body

Question 17

what are ashcoff body

Answer 17

Foci or fibrinoid necrosis surrounded by lymphocytes, macrophages, occasional plasma cells and plump activated histiocytes called Anitschkow cells

Question 18

what are verrucae in rheumatic endocarditis

Answer 18

small friable vegetations deposited along the free edge of the cusps

Question 19

McCallum plaques in rheumatic endocarditis

Answer 19

fibrous plaques seen on the subendocardium of the left atrium

Question 20

which cells are pathognomonic of RH

and what is another name for it

Answer 20

Anitschkow’s cells

Caterpillar cells

Question 21

difference between infective endocarditis an rheumatic fever in terms of verrucae

Answer 21

IE have bulk friable bacterial laden vegetation

Question 22

Organisms causing acute IE

Answer 22

S. Aureus

S. pneumonia

Question 23

organisms causing subacute IE

Answer 23

S. viridans
s. epidermitis
E.coli
HACEK

Question 24

Factors predisposing one to development of IE

Answer 24

Seeding of blood with microbes
Hemodynamic disturbance occuring across deformed heart valve
Activation of clotting cascade
Production off agglutinating antibodies leading to clumping of organism within the vegetation

Question 25

is there fragmentation and embolisation of septic vegetation in IE

Answer 25

YES Spleen brain coronary arteries kidneys

Question 26

Types of non-infective endocarditis

Answer 26

1. Marantic endocarditis or non bacteria thrombotic endocarditis 2. Libman-Sacks dx or non - bacteria verrucous endocarrditis

Question 27

what's the most common souce of coronary emboli

Answer 27

Marantic endocarditis

Question 28

X'tics of verrucae in Libman-Sacks Endocarditis

Answer 28

Granular flat verucae on both surfaces of valves

Question 29

4 clinicopathologic syndromes in ischemic heart disease```

Answer 29

Angina pectoris Myocardial infarction Chronic ischaemic heart disease Sudden cardiac death

Question 30

causes of coronary insufficiency

Answer 30

``` coronary atherosclerosis coronary vasospasm coronary artery embolism ostial stenosis coronary thrombosis aneurysms congenital anomalies ```

Question 31

pathogenesis of mi

Answer 31

occlusive intrancoronary thrombus vasospasm with or without atheroscelorosis Emboli from left sided mural thrombus vegetative endocarditis paradoxical emboli rom right side of heart via fromen ovale left atrium in association with atrial fibrillation

Question 32

which of the enzymes is useful in re infarction

Answer 32

CK MB

Question 33

which enzyme or protein is much more specific in the diagnosis of MI

Answer 33

Troponin

Question 34

Which enzyme or protein is elevated before CKMB but it's not specific

Answer 34

Myoglobin

Question 35

how to use ldh in diagnosing MI

Answer 35

Normally isoenzyme is higher than 1 but in MI, this is reversed