CVS Week 10 TLO

Question 1

Define cardiomyopathy.

Answer 1

A disease of the heart muscle that impairs the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively

Question 2

Define Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Answer 2

A condition characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function (reduced ejection fraction). [cite: 2] The heart chambers

Question 3

Describe the epidemiology of DCM.

Answer 3

DCM is the most common form of cardiomyopathy. [cite: 4] It can affect individuals of any age

Question 4

Identify the functional classes of cardiomyopathy.

Answer 4

Cardiomyopathy is often functionally classified using the New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification System for heart failure: Class I: No limitation of physical activity. [cite: 6] Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue

Question 5

Discuss the etiology of DCM.

Answer 5

Idiopathic: (Most common) No identifiable cause. [cite: 12] Genetic: Many cases are familial (autosomal dominant is common)

Question 6

Describe the clinical manifestations of DCM.

Answer 6

Symptoms are primarily those of heart failure (often biventricular

Question 7

Discuss the diagnosis of DCM.

Answer 7

Echocardiography: The primary diagnostic tool. [cite: 24] Shows ventricular dilation (especially left ventricle) [cite: 25] and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (<40-50%). [cite: 25] May also show wall motion abnormalities

Question 8

Describe the morphological features of DCM (gross and microscopic).

Answer 8

Gross: Markedly enlarged

Question 9

Outline the management of DCM.

Answer 9

Primarily directed at managing heart failure symptoms and preventing progression. [cite: 37] Pharmacological: ACE inhibitors/ARBs

Question 10

Discuss the prognosis of DCM.

Answer 10

Variable. Can progress to severe heart failure and premature death. [cite: 46] Prognosis has improved significantly with modern medical and device therapies. [cite: 47] Factors like etiology (e.g.

Question 11

Define Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Answer 11

A genetic disorder characterized by inappropriate and unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) that occurs in the absence of obvious causes such as hypertension or aortic stenosis. [cite: 49] The hypertrophy is typically asymmetric

Question 12

Describe the epidemiology of HCM.

Answer 12

Most common genetic heart disease

Question 13

Discuss the etiology of HCM.

Answer 13

Genetic (most common): Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern in most cases. [cite: 54] Caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomere proteins (e.g.

Question 14

Describe the clinical manifestations of HCM.

Answer 14

Highly variable; [cite: 57] many individuals are asymptomatic for years or throughout their lives. [cite: 58] Symptoms often related to diastolic dysfunction and/or outflow tract obstruction: Dyspnea (most common symptom)

Question 15

Discuss the diagnosis of HCM.

Answer 15

Echocardiography: The cornerstone of diagnosis. [cite: 66] Shows unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (>15mm

Question 16

Describe the morphological features of HCM (gross and microscopic).

Answer 16

Gross: Markedly thickened

Question 17

Outline the management of HCM.

Answer 17

Aims to relieve symptoms

Question 18

Discuss the prognosis of HCM.

Answer 18

Variable. Can be asymptomatic for life

Question 19

Define Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM).

Answer 19

A cardiomyopathy characterized by abnormally rigid (stiff) ventricular walls that impair diastolic filling

Question 20

Describe the epidemiology of RCM.

Answer 20

RCM is the least common type of cardiomyopathy. [cite: 90] Its prevalence varies depending on the underlying cause. [cite: 90] It can occur at any age. [cite: 90]

Question 21

Discuss the etiology of restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Answer 21

Infiltrative Diseases: Amyloidosis (most common cause of RCM in adults)[cite: 92]

Question 22

Describe the clinical manifestations of restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Answer 22

Symptoms are primarily those of diastolic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Question 23

Discuss the diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Answer 23

Echocardiography: Key diagnostic tool. [cite: 101] Shows normal or increased ventricular wall thickness (often symmetric)

Question 24

Outline the management of restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Answer 24

Management: Primarily supportive and aimed at treating the underlying cause

Question 25

Discuss the prognosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Answer 25

Generally poor

Question 26

Define Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC).

Answer 26

A genetic heart muscle disease characterized by the progressive replacement of right ventricular (RV) myocardium by fibrofatty tissue. [cite: 117] This leads to RV dysfunction

Question 27

Describe the epidemiology of ARVC.

Answer 27

Relatively rare

Question 28

Discuss the etiology of ARVC.

Answer 28

Genetic (Primary Etiology): Primarily an inherited disorder

Question 29

Describe the clinical manifestations of ARVC.

Answer 29

Arrhythmias (most common presentation): Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) originating from the right ventricle (often with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology on ECG). [cite: 126] These are often exertion-related. [cite: 126] Palpitations

Question 30

Discuss the diagnosis of ARVC.

Answer 30

Diagnosis (often based on modified Task Force Criteria): A combination of major and minor criteria. [cite: 131] Echocardiography: RV dilation and dysfunction

Question 31

Describe the morphological features of ARVC (gross and microscopic).

Answer 31

Gross: Right ventricular dilation

Question 32

Outline the management of ARVC.

Answer 32

Management: Focuses on preventing sudden cardiac death and managing arrhythmias and heart failure. [cite: 141] Activity Restriction: Avoid competitive and strenuous exercise to reduce arrhythmic risk. [cite: 142] Pharmacological: Beta-blockers (often first-line)[cite: 142]

Question 33

Discuss the prognosis of ARVC.

Answer 33

Variable

Question 34

Define pericardial effusion.

Answer 34

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space

Question 35

Enumerate the causes of pericardial effusion.

Answer 35

Causes (Etiology): Inflammatory/Infectious (Pericarditis - viral

Question 36

Discuss the clinical manifestations of pericardial effusion.

Answer 36

Clinical manifestations depend on the amount of fluid and the rate of accumulation. [cite: 155] Small

Question 37

Discuss the diagnosis of pericardial effusion.

Answer 37

Echocardiography (ECHO): The gold standard. [cite: 161] Directly visualizes the fluid in the pericardial space

Question 38

Outline the management of pericardial effusion.

Answer 38

Observation: Small

Question 39

Discuss the complications and prognosis of pericardial effusion.

Answer 39

Complications: Cardiac Tamponade[cite: 172]

Question 40

Define cardiac tamponade.

Answer 40

A life-threatening condition caused by the rapid or excessive accumulation of fluid (blood

Question 41

Discuss hemodynamic changes in cardiac tamponade.

Answer 41

Increased Intrapericardial Pressure: Compresses all cardiac chambers. [cite: 178] Restricted Ventricular Filling: Especially during diastole

Question 42

Discuss the clinical features of cardiac tamponade.

Answer 42

Classic Clinical Triad (Beck's Triad): Hypotension[cite: 185]

Question 43

Distinguish between symptoms of rapidly accumulating and slowly accumulating effusion.

Answer 43

Rapidly Accumulating Effusion (Acute Tamponade): Even small amounts of fluid (e.g.

Question 44

Describe pericardiocentesis.

Answer 44

A medical procedure involving the insertion of a needle (typically under ultrasound guidance) into the pericardial sac to aspirate (drain) accumulated fluid. [cite: 196] It is a life-saving emergency procedure to relieve cardiac compression and restore hemodynamic stability. [cite: 197] It can also be performed diagnostically to analyze the fluid. [cite: 197]

Question 45

Discuss the prognosis of cardiac tamponade.

Answer 45

If untreated

Question 46

Define constrictive pericarditis.

Answer 46

A rare

Question 47

Enumerate the causes of constrictive pericarditis.

Answer 47

Idiopathic (most common in developed countries). [cite: 204] Infections: Tuberculosis (TB) (most common cause worldwide)

Question 48

Discuss the clinical manifestations of constrictive pericarditis.

Answer 48

Symptoms are primarily those of chronic right-sided heart failure due to impaired ventricular filling. [cite: 207] Progressive Dyspnea on Exertion (most common symptom). [cite: 208] Fatigue and Weakness. [cite: 208] Signs of Systemic Venous Congestion: Peripheral Edema[cite: 209]

Question 49

Discuss the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis.

Answer 49

Clinical Suspicion: Based on symptoms of chronic right heart failure

Question 50

Enumerate the differences between constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Answer 50

Constrictive Pericarditis: Stiff

Question 51

Outline the management of constrictive pericarditis.

Answer 51

Pericardiectomy (Surgical): The definitive treatment for chronic constrictive pericarditis. [cite: 223] It involves surgical removal of the thickened

Question 52

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