cytokines

Question 1

sources of tumor necrosis factor (3)

Answer 1

• macrophages
• t cells
• mast cells

Question 2

targets and effects of tumor necrosis factor (6)

Answer 2

• endothelial cells: activation of inflammation and coagulation
• neutrophils: activation
• hypothalamus: fever
• liver: synthesis of acute-phase proteins
• muscle/fat: catabolism (cachexia)
• other cells: apoptosis

Question 3

sources of IL-1 (5)

Answer 3

• macrophages
• dendritic cells
• endothelial cells
• some epithelial cells
• mast cells

Question 4

targets and effects of IL-1 (4)

Answer 4

• endothelial cells: activation for inflammation and coagulation
• hypthalamus: fever
• liver: synthesis of acute-phase proteins
• T-cells: Th-17 differentiation

Question 5

cell sources of IL-12 (2)

Answer 5

• dendritic cells
• macrophages

Question 6

targets and effects of IL-12 (2)

Answer 6

• NK cells and T cells: IFN-gamma production, increased cytotoxic activity
• T cells only: Th1 differentiation

Question 7

cellular sources of IFN-gamma (2)

Answer 7

• NK cells
• T cells

Question 8

IFN-gamma effects (2)

Answer 8

• activation of macrophages
• stimulation of antibody responses

Question 9

cellular sources of IFN-alpha (2)

Answer 9

• dendritic cells
• macrophages

Question 10

cellular sources of IFN-beta (2)

Answer 10

• fibroblasts
• epithelial cells

Question 11

targets and effects of IFN-alpha/beta

Answer 11

• all cells: antiviral state, increase MHC 1 expression
• NK cells: activation

Question 12

cellular sources of IL-10 (3)

Answer 12

• macrophages
• dendritic cells
• T cells

Question 13

targets and effects of IL-10

Answer 13

macrophages and dendritic cells: inhibition of cytokine and chemokine production, reduced expression of costimulators/MHC2 molecules

Question 14

cellular sources of IL-6 (3)

Answer 14

• macrophages
• endothelial cells
• t cells

Question 15

targets and effects of IL-6

Answer 15

• liver: synthesis of acute-phase proteins
• B cells: proliferation of antibody-producing cells

Question 16

cellular sources of IL-15

Answer 16

• macrophages

Question 17

targets and effects of IL-15 (2)

Answer 17

• proliferation of NK cells and T cells

Question 18

cellular sources of IL-18

Answer 18

macrophages

Question 19

targets and effects of IL-18

Answer 19

• IFN-gamma synthesis in NK cells and T cells

Question 20

targets and effects of TGF-beta

Answer 20

• T cells: differentiation of Th17, regulatory T cells
• inhibition of inflammation

Question 21

antiviral state is induced by ____ and ____.

Answer 21

antiviral state is induced by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta.

Question 22

T-helper cells express CD____ and cytotoxic T cells express CD ____.

Answer 22

T-helper cells express CD4 and cytotoxic T cells express CD8.

Question 23

Cell-mediated immunity is most effective against (intracellular/extracellular) microbes.

Answer 23

Cell-mediated immunity is most effective against intracellular microbes.

Question 24

Humoral immunity is most effective against (intracellular/extracellular) microbes.

Answer 24

Cell-mediated immunity is most effective against extracellular microbes.

Question 25

Naive T-cells mature in the ____ tissues and are presented antigen by ____.

Answer 25

Naive T-cells mature in the **secondary lymphoid tissues** and are presented antigen by **dendritic cells**.

Question 26

Effector T-cells are presented antigen ____ (place) by ____ and ____ if they are CD4+ and ____ if they are CD8+.

Answer 26

Effector T-cells are presented antigen **throughout the body** (place) by **macrophages** and **B cells** if they are CD4+ and **any cell** if they are CD8+.

Question 27

3 types of antigen presenting cells and their functions

Answer 27

* **dendritic cells:** present antigent to naive T cells * **macrophage:** present antigen to stimulate effector functions of T cells * **B cells:** present antigen to CD4+ helper cells to start antibody production

Question 28

dendritic cells are derived from ____.

Answer 28

dendritic cells are derived from __bone marrow__.

Question 29

pathogens in lymph will be phagocytized by ____ in the ____.

Answer 29

pathogens in lymph will be phagocytized by __dendritic cells__ in the __lymph nodes__.

Question 30

pathogens in blood will be phagocytized by ____ in the ____.

Answer 30

pathogens in blood will be phagocytized by __dendritic cells__ in the __spleen__.

Question 31

outcome of MHC II pathway

Answer 31

* activate macrophage to increase toxicity * stimulate B cells to make antibodies

Question 32

outcome of MHC I pathway

Answer 32

* kill virus infected cells * kill tumor cells

Question 33

Human MHC-I genes are called HLA-____, ____, and ____.

Answer 33

Human MHC-I genes are called HLA-**A**, __B__, and __C__.

Question 34

Human MHC-II genes are called HLA-____, ____, and ____.

Answer 34

Human MHC-II genes are called HLA-__DR__, __DQ__, and __DP__.