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Immunology and Serology > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

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1
Q

____ are small soluble proteins that regulate the immune system, orchestrating both innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection.

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

____ are a class of non-antibody molecules, usually a low molecular weight glycoproteins, change the behavior and function of many different cells.

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

____ are regulatory and effector molecules that act as picomolar to nanomolar concentrations on receptors.

A

Cytokines

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4
Q

____ action is mediated by binding to specific receptors on target cells.

A

Cytokine

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5
Q

Actions of Cytokines

A
  • Autocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Endocrine
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6
Q

Action of Cytokines

____ affects the same cell that secreted it.

A

Autocrine Stimulation

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7
Q

Action of Cytokines

____ affects a target cell in close proximity.

A

Paracrine

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8
Q

Action of Cytokines

____ has an effect that is systemic.

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

Features of Cytokines

A
  • Pleiotropism
  • Redundancy
  • Act in networks
  • Act as hematopoietic growth factor
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10
Q

Features of Cytokines

____ is a characteristic of cytokines in which a single cytokine can produce different effects.

A

Pleiotropism

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11
Q

Features of Cytokines

____ is a characteristic of cytokines in which several cytokines produce the same effect.

A

Redundancy

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12
Q

A ____ is the massive overproduction of cytokines that leads to shock, multiple organ failure, and/or death.

A

Cytokine storm

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13
Q

Cytokines Associated with Innate Immunity that Responds to Extracellular Microbes

A
  • Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)
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14
Q

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α are associated with ____ immunity.

A

innate

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15
Q

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α responds to ____.

A

extracellular microbes

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16
Q

Effects of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α

A
  1. Increased capillary permeability
  2. Increased platelet aggregation
  3. Alteration of adhesion molecule expression on capillary endothelial cells
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17
Q

What will happen if there is an increase capillary permeability due to the action of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α?

A

Anti-microbial proteins such as complement and CRP will enter the tissues for blood plasma.

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18
Q

This action of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α enhances the entry of leukocyte into the blood.

A

Alteration of adhesion molecule expression on capillary endothelial cells

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19
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

A
  • IL-1α
  • IL-1β
  • IL-1RA (receptor antagonist)
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20
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

____ are expressed in macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells.

A
  • IL-1β
  • IL-1RA
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21
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

IL-1β and IL-1RA are expressed in ____.

A

macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells

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22
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

____ are expressed in phagocytic cells, and detected in epithelial cells from the skin, lungs, and GIT.

A

IL-1α

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23
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

IL-1α are expressed in ____ and detected in ____.

A

phagocytic cells; epithelial cells from the skin, lungs, and GIT.

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24
Q

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family

____ are released from macrophages and monocytes.

A

IL-1α and IL-1β

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25
# **The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family** IL-1α and IL-1β are released from ____.
macrophages and monocytes
26
# **The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family** ____ is known as the *endogenous pyrogen*.
IL-1β
27
# **The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family** IL-1β is known as the ____.
*endogenous pyrogen*
28
# **The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family** IL-1β, being known as *endogenous pyrogen*, means that ____.
it has the ability to induce fever
29
# **The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cytokine Family** Effects of high body temperature due to fever
* Inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi * Increase microbicidal activity of macrophages and neutrophils * Contribute to the feelings of discomfort and fatigue *(to reduce body activity and conserve energy for combatting the infection)*.
30
Tumor Necrosis Factors
* TNFR-α * TNFR-β
31
____ are cytokines which are observed to kill cancer cells.
Tumor Necrosis Factors
32
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** ____ contains two receptors.
TNFR-α
33
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** TNFR-α contains ____.
**Two Receptors:** * TNFR-1 * TNFR-2
34
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** ____ is expressed in many cells.
TNFR-1
35
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** ____ is seen in hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells.
TNFR-2
36
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** TNFR-2 is seen in ____.
hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells
37
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** ____ is also called *lymphotoxin*.
TNFR-β
38
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** TNFR-β is also called ____.
*lymphotoxin*
39
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** ____ is produced by lymphocytes.
TNFR-β
40
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** TNFR-β is produced by ____.
lymphocytes
41
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** ____ causes cell death and cytotoxicity.
TNFR-β
42
# **Tumor Necrosis Factors** TNFR-β causes ____.
cell death and cytotoxicity
43
____ stimulates the production of acute-phase reactants.
Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6 receptor)
44
IL-6 receptor stimulates the production of ____.
acute-phase reactants
45
____ increases the activation of B and T lymphocytes.
Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6 receptor)
46
IL-6 receptor increases the activation of ____.
B and T lymphocytes
47
____ modulates immunoglobulin synthesis.
Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6 receptor)
48
When IL-6 receptor modulates immunoglobulin synthesis, it is able to ____.
cause B cells to proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells
49
____ are derived from cytokine and chemotaxis.
Chemokines
50
____ are known as the movement toward a stimulus.
Chemokines
51
____ are characterized as a factor that induces growth arrest in tumor cells.
Transforming Growth Factor-β
52
Transforming Growth Factor-β are characterized as a factor that induces ____ in tumor cells.
growth arrest
53
____ have anti-proliferative activity.
Transforming Growth Factor-β
54
Transforming Growth Factor-β have ____ activity.
anti-proliferative
55
____ is a primary regulator of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and migration.
Transforming Growth Factor-β
56
Types of Transforming Growth Factor-β
* TGF-β1 * TGF-β2 * TGF-β3
57
Type I Interferons
* Interferon-α * Interferon-β
58
Type II Interferon
IFN-γ
59
____ is the most important cytokines in response to viral infection.
**Type I Interferons:** IFN-α and IFN-β
60
____ are substances produced by virally infected cells; interferes with viral replication.
Interferons
61
Cytokines Produced by Th1 Cells
* IL-2 * IFN-γ
62
# **Cytokines Produced by Th1 Cells** T cell growth factor
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
63
# **Cytokines Produced by Th1 Cells** ____ functions in the enhancement of antigen presentation by class I and II MHC molecules.
IFN-γ
64
Cytokines Produced by Th2 Cells
* Interleukin-4 (IL-4) * Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
65
# **Cytokines Produced by Th2 Cells** ____ induces the production of MHC class I molecules.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
66
# **Cytokines Produced by Th2 Cells** ____ is also expressed in lymphocyes and non-hematopoietic cells.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
67
# **Cytokines Produced by Th2 Cells** ____ has inhibitory effects on the immune system.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
68
____ is produced under MHC Class I.
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
69
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 is produced under ____.
Class I MHC
70
____ codes for eosinophils.
IL-4 and IL-5
71
IL-4 and IL-5 codes for ____.
eosinophils
72
How do T-regulatory cells supress immunity?
* Production of supressive cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β * Disruption of T-cell metabolism * Direct cytotoxic killing of T cells and APCs * Modulation of signaling between APC and T cells
73
Suppressive cytokines
* IL-10 * TGF-β
74
Th17 Cytokines in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
* IL-17 * TGF-β * IL-6 * IL-23
75
CSFs stand for ____.
Colony-Stimulating Factors
76
# **Colony-Stimulating Factors** ____ stimulates the bone marrow to produce T and B cells.
IL-3
77
# **Colony-Stimulating Factors** ____ is for RBC production.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
78
# **Colony-Stimulating Factors** ____ becomes neutrophils when activated.
Granulocye Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)
79
# **Colony-Stimulating Factors** ____ becomes macrophages when activated.
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF)
80
# **Colony-Stimulating Factors** ____ becomes other WBC types.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)
81
# **Colony-Stimulating Factors** ____ gives rise to basophils and mast cells.
IL-3 + GM-CSF
82
# **Colony-Stimulating Factors** ____ gives rise to eosinophils.
IL-3 + IL-5 + GM-CSF
83
Clinical Assays for Cytokines
* Multiplexed Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assays (ELISA) * Microbead Assays * ELISpot Assays
84
# **Clinical Assays for Cytokines** ____ uses different antibodies.
Multiplexed Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assays (ELISA)
85
# **Clinical Assays for Cytokines** ____ allows for the detection of multiple cytokines in a single tube.
Microbead Assays
86
# **Clinical Assays for Cytokines** ____ allows for the detection of individual cytokine-secreting cells.
ELISpot Assays

Immunology and Serology (5 decks)

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