Introduction to Immunity + Innate Immunity Flashcards by dani legaspi

____ is the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

Immunology

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____ is the study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign substances.

Immunology

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Role of the Immune System

Defend against infections
Recognizing and responding to foreign substances
Defend against development of tumors

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____ is the condition of being resistant to infection.

Immunity

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____ is the recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production of antibodies.

Immunity

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Immunity can be classified as either ____.

Innate or Acquired

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Other terms for Natural Immunity

Innate
Non-specific
Non-adaptive

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____ is the ability of the individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions.

Natural Immunity

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Other terms for Acquired Immunity

Adaptive
Specific

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____ is a type of resistance characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, and the ability to remember a prior exposure.

Acquired Immunity

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____ is a reaction resulting from invasion of foreign substances.

Acquired Immunity

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2 Types of Adaptive Immunity

Active
Passive

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Which Type of Adaptive Immunity?

The body is involved in producing antibodies.

Active Immunity

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Types of Active Immunity

Natural
Artificial

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Which Type of Active Immunity?

Infection

Natural Active

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Which Type of Active Immunity?

Vaccination (Ag)

Artificial Active

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Duration of Response: Active Immunity

Long

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Which Type of Adaptive Immunity?

Antibodies come from external source

Passive Immunity

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Types of Passive Immunity

Natural
Artificial

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Which Type of Passive Immunity?

Breastfeeding

Natural Passive

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Which Type of Passive Immunity?

Vaccination (Ab)

Artificial Passive

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Which Type of Passive Immunity?

Transfer in vivo or colostrum

Natural Passive

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Which Type of Passive Immunity?

Infusion of serum or plasma

Artificial Passive

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Duration of Response: Passive Immunity

Short

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# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Mechanisms involved are non-specific.

Innate Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Mechanisms that pre-exist the invasion of foreign agents.

Innate Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Components are pre-formed

Innate Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** They are non-adaptive, has a standardized magnitude of response.

Innate Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Lacks immunologic memory

Innate Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Reinforcement

Adaptive Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Inducibility

Adaptive Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Specificity

Adaptive Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Diversity

Adaptive Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Memory

Adaptive Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Specialization

Adaptive Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Self-limitation

Adaptive Immunity

# **Identify which type of immunity is described based on the feature** Discrimination

Adaptive Immunity

Two Categories of Adaptive Response

1. Humoral 2. Cell-mediated

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Mechanism:** Humoral

Antibody mediated

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Mechanism:** Antibody mediated

Humoral

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Cell Type:** Humoral

B Lymphocyte

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Cell Type:** B Lymphocyte

Humoral

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Mode of Action:** Humoral

Antibodies in serum

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Mode of Action:** Antibodies in serum

Humoral

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Purpose:** Humoral

Defense against bacterial infections

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Purpose:** Primary defense against bacterial infections.

Humoral

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Mechanism:** Cell Mediated

Cell mediated

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Cell Type:** Cell Mediated

T Lymphocyte

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Cell Type:** T Lymphocyte

Cell Mediated

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Mode of Action:** Cell Mediated

Direct cell-to-cell interaction

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Mode of Action:** Direct cell-to-cell contact

Cell Mediated

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Purpose:** Cell Mediated

Defense against viral and fungal infections

# **Characteristics of the Two Categories of Adaptive Immunity** **Purpose:** Defense against viral and fungal infections

Cell Mediated

____ consists of defenses against infection that are ready for immediate action when a host is attacked by a pathogen.

Innate Immunity

# **TRUE OR FALSE.** Regardless of the infectious agent to which the body is exposed, innate immunity produces the same response.

True

Components of the ____ can be thought of as the first responders because they react immediately to infectious agents.

Innate Immunity

Components of the innate immunity can be thought of as the ____ because they react immediately to infectious agents.

first responders

____ are composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.

External Defense Mechanisms

Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers

* Skin * Mucous membranes * Lacrimal apparatus * Cilia * Sweat & Sebaceous glands

# **Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers** ____ is a protein found in the skin which makes it impermeable to most infectious agents.

Keratin

# **Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers** ____ bind to microorganisms to help move pathogens out.

Surfactants

# **Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers** ____ is a product of skin cells that has an antibacterial effect against gram-negative organisms.

Psoriasin

# **Structural/Physical/Anatomical Barriers** ____ maintain skin pH of 5.6 to keep microorganisms from growing.

Lactic acid and Fatty acids

Mechanical Barriers

* Peristaltic movement * Shedding of cells * Coughing and Sneezing * Flushing action of urine

Chemical Barriers

* Acid pH * Lysozyme * Lactoferrin

____ attacks the cell wall of gram positive organisms.

Lysozyme

External Defense Mechanisms

* Physical barriers * Mechanical barriers * Chemical barriers

____ are designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organisms.

Internal Defense Mechanism

Physiological Factors

* Body Temperature * Oxygen tension * Hormonal Balance

Basic Polypeptides

* Spermin * Defensin

____ inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria.

Spermin

____ limits the spread of viral infection.

Interferons

Types of Interferons

* Alpha * Beta * Gamma

____ is the principal soluble mediator of inflammatory response.

Complement

____ are normal serum constituents that increase rapidly due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.

Acute-Phase Reactants

Acute-phase reactants are produced by ____.

hepatocytes

Acute-phase reactants are produced in the ____.

liver

Acute-phase reactants are produced in response to an ____.

increase in cytokines

The major cytokines involved in inflammation are ____.

* IL-1 * IL-6 * TNF-α

Acute-phase reactants increase rapidly by at least ____.

25%

# **Acute-Phase Reactants** **Function:** Opsonization, complement activation

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

____ most widely used indicator (marker) of acute inflammation.

C Reactive Protein (CRP)

____ is a trace constituent of serum originally thought to be antibody to the c-polysaccharide of pneumococci.

C Reactive Protein (CRP)

Elevated levels of CRP are indicated by ____.

* Bacterial infections * Viral infections * Rheumatic fever * Malignant diseases * Tuberculosis * After a heart attack

The main substrate of CRP is ____.

phosphocholine

The main substrate of ____ is phosphocholine.

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

# **Acute-Phase Reactants** **Function:** Activates monocytes and macrophages

Serum Amyloid A

____ is involved in chemotaxis and phagocyte position.

Serum Amyloid A

____ binds to lysosomal enzymes.

Serum Amyloid A

____ removes cholesterol from cholesterol-filled macrophages at the site of tissue injury.

Serum Amyloid A

____ has a high affinity for High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol.

Serum Amyloid A

____ has been found to increase significantly in bacterial infections than in viral infections.

Serum Amyloid A

____ refers to a series of proteins that are normally present and contribute to inflammation.

Complement

# **Acute-Phase Reactants** **Function:** Opsonization, chemotaxis, and lysis of cells

Complement

____ is a trimer that acts as an opsonin.

Mannose-Binding Protein/Lectin

____ is calcium dependent.

Mannose-Binding Protein/Lectin

____ is found widely in mucosal surfaces.

Mannose-Binding Protein/Lectin

MBP is widely distributed on ____.

mucosal surfaces

Lack of MBP is associated with ____.

recurrent yeast infections

____ is involved in complement activation.

Mannose-Binding Protein/Lectin

# **Acute-Phase Reactants** **Function:** Protease inhibitor

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

____ is a general plasma inhibtor of proteases released from leukocytes.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

Alpha-1-antitrypsin is released from ____.

leukocytes

____ counteract the effects of neutrophil invasion during inflammatory response.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

____ regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

____ is an enzyme secreted by neutrophils during inflammation that can degrade elastin and collagen.

Elastase

# **Acute-Phase Reactants** **Function:** Binds hemoglobin

Haptoglobin

____ binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin.

Haptoglobin

____ plays an important role in protecting the kidney from damage and in preventing loss of iron by urinary excretion.

Haptoglobin

____ acts as an antioxidant to provide protection against oxidative damage mediated by free hemoglobin.

Haptoglobin

Increased levels of Haptoglobin is indicated by ____.

* Inflammation * Stress * Tissue necrosis

# **Acute-Phase Reactants** **Function:** Clot formation

Fibrinogen

____ is the most abundant of the coagulation factors in plasma.

Fibrinogen

____ is an acute-phase protein involved in the coagulation pathway.

Fibrinogen

____ makes the blood more viscous and serves to promote aggregation of red blood cells and platelets.

Fibrinogen

# **Acute-Phase Reactants** **Function:** Binds copper and oxidizes iron

Ceruloplasmin

____ is the principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma.

Ceruloplasmin

____ acts as an enzyme, converting the toxic ferrous iron to the non-toxic ferric form.

Ceruloplasmin

____ binds lidocaine and progesterone.

Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein

Acute-Phase Reactants

* C Reactive Protein (CRP) * Serum Amyloid A * Mannose Binding Protein/Lectin * Alpha-1-antitrypsin * Haptoglobin * Fibrinogen * Ceruloplasmin * Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein

____ is a polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte.

Neutrophils

____ represents approximately 50-70% of the total peripheral white blood.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils represent approximately ____ of the total peripheral white blood cells.

50-70%

____ are the first responder to infection and are capable of phagocytosis.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are ____ in diameter.

10-15 um

____ are 10-15 um in diameter.

Neutrophils

____ have a nucleus that has between 2 and 5 lobes.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils have a nucleus that has between ____ lobes.

2-5

____ contain antimicrobial products such as myeloperoxidase, elastase, proteinase-3, cathepsin G, and defensins.

Primary (Azurophilic) Granules

____ are small proteins that have antibacterial activity.

Enzymes of the primary (Azurophilic) granules

Enzymes of the primary *(azurophilic)* granules of neutrophils

* Myeloperoxidase * Elastase * Proteinase-3 * Lysozyme * Cathepsin G * Defensins

Enzymes of the secondary granules of neutrophils

* Collagenase * Lactoferrin * Lysozyme * NADPH oxidase

Enzymes of the tertiary granules of neutrophils

* Gelatinase * Plasminogen activator

____ occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood to the tissues.

Margination

____ are also called *segmented ____* or *segs*.

Neutrophils

Eosinophils measure ____ in diameter.

10-15 um

____ makes up 1-4% of the circulating WBC.

Eosinophils

Eosinophils make up ____ of circulating WBC.

1-4%

____ regulate adaptive immune response through cytokine release.

Eosinophils

____ are responsible for killing parasites.

Eosinophils

Its nucleus are usually bilobed or ellipsoidal and is often eccentrically located.

Eosinophils

____ neutralizes basophil.

Eosinophils

____ regulate mast cells.

Eosinophils

Enzymes of the primary granules of eosinophils

* Acid phosphatase * Arylsulfatase

Eosinophil-specific granules contain which proteins?

* Major basic protein * Eosinophil cationic protein * Eosinophil peroxidase * Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

____ less efficient in phagocytosis because they lack digestive enzymes.

Eosinophils

____ make up less than 1 percent of all circulating WBCs.

Basophils

____ stimulate the production of IgE.

Basophils

____ induce and maintain allergic (hypersensitivity) reactions.

Basophils

____ is the smallest granulocyte.

Basophils

Basophils have a ____ nucleus.

bilobed

____ have a deep bluish-purple granules.

Basophils

Which granulocyte has a short life span?

Basophils

Components of basophilic granules

* Histamine * Heparin * Cytokines * Growth factors * Eosinophil chemotactic factor-A

____ contracts the smooth muscle.

Histamine

____ is an anti-coagulant.

Heparin

____ functions in antigen presentation.

Mast Cells

____ plays a role in the enhancement and suppression of adaptive immune response.

Mast Cells

____ are larger than basophils.

Mast Cells

____ have a diameter of 20 um.

Mast Cells

Which cell has a life span of 9-18 months?

Mast Cells

Granular constituents of Mast Cells

* Serine proteases * Heparin * Neutrophil chemotactic factor * Histamine

____ act to increase vascular permeability, and blood flow to the affected area.

Mast Cells

____ resemble basophils.

Mast Cells

____ functions as a major conduit between the innate and adaptive immune response.

Mast Cells

____ are the largest cells in the peripheral blood.

Monocytes

____ are 12-20 um in diameter.

Monocytes

____ have an irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus.

Monocytes

First Type of Granular Constituents of Monocytes

* Acid phosphatase * Peroxidase * Arylsulfatase

Second Type of Granular Constituents of Monocytes

* B-glucoronidase * Lipase * Lysozyme

____ are larger version of monocytes on tissues.

Tissue Macrophages

What is the main difference between a monocyte and tissue macrophage?

Presence of peroxidase (absent in macrophages)

Macrophages in the lungs

Alveolar macrophages

Macrophages in the liver

Kupffer cells

Macrophages in the brain

Microglial cells

Macrophages in the connective tissue

Histiocytes

____ play an important role in initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Macrophages

The role of macrophages in adaptive immunity is to ____.

present phogocytized antigens to T-lymphocytes

The main function of ____ is to phagocytose antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes.

Dendritic Cells

____ are the most potent phagocytic cells.

Dendritic Cells

____ are the most effective at antigen presentation.

Dendritic Cells

____ are discovered by Steinman and Cohn in 1973.

Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells are discovered by ____.

Steinman and Cohn (1973)

____ are discovered by Charles Jameway.

Toll-Like Receptors

Toll-Like Receptors are discovered by ____.

Charles Jameway

____ is the first receptor found in humans.

Toll-like Receptor (TLR)

____ is a protein originally discovered in the fruit fly *Drosophila*.

Toll

Toll is a protein originally discovered in the fruit fly ____.

*Drosophila*

TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces

* TLR 1 * TLR 2 * TLR 4 * TLR 5 * TLR 6

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** TLR 1 **Substance Recognized:** **Target:** Mycobacteria

Lipopeptides

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** **Substance Recognized:** Lipopeptides **Target:** Mycobacteria

TLR 1

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** TLR 2 **Substance Recognized:** **Target:** Gram positive bacteria, mycobacteria, yeasts

* Peptidoglycan * Lipoproteins * Zymosan

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** **Substance Recognized:** Peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, zymosan **Target:** Gram positive bacteria, mycobacteria, yeasts

TLR 2

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** TLR 4 **Substance Recognized:** **Target:** Gram negative bacteria, respiratory syncytial virus, fungi

* Lipopolysaccharide * Fusion proteins * Mannan

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** **Substance Recognized:** Lipopolysaccharide, fusion proteins, mannan **Target:** Gram negative bacteria, respiratory syncytial virus, fungi

TLR 4

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** TLR 5 **Substance Recognized:** **Target:** Bacteria with flagellae

Flagellin

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** **Substance Recognized:** Flagellin **Target:** Bacteria with flagellae

TLR 5

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** TLR 6 **Substance Recognized:** **Target:** Mycobacteria, gram positive bacteria, yeasts

* Lipopeptide * Lipoteichoic acid * Zymosan

# **TLR Receptors Found on Cell Surfaces** **Receptor:** **Substance Recognized:** Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, zymosan **Target:** Mycobacteria, gram positive bacteria, yeasts

TLR 6

TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments

* TLR 3 * TLR 7 * TLR 8 * TLR 9 * TLR 10

# **TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments** **Receptor:** **Substance Recognized:** Double-stranded RNA **Target:** RNA viruses

TLR 3

# **TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments** **Receptor:** **Substance Recognized:** Single-stranded RNA **Target:** RNA viruses

* TLR 7 * TLR 8

# **TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments** **Receptor:** **Substance Recognized:** Double-stranded DNA **Target:** DNA viruses, bacterial DNA

TLR 9

# **TLR Receptors Found on Endosomal Compartments** **Receptor:** **Substance Recognized:** Unknown **Target:** Unknown

TLR 10

____ binds to mannan and b-glucans found in the target cell.

C-type Lectin Receptor (CLR)

____ recognizes RNA from RNA viruses.

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs)

____ binds to peptidoglycan.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD)

____ is the engulfment of cells and particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages, and other cells.

Phagocytosis

Cells that die after phagocytosis are called ____.

Kamikaze Cells

Types of Phagocytosis

1. Direct 2. Indirect

# **Which Type of Phagocytosis?** Via opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, CRP, and C3b bound to the microorganism.

Indirect

# **Which Type of Phagocytosis?** Via pathogen recognition receptors that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms.

Direct

4 Major Steps of Phagocytosis

1. Attachment/Adherence 2. Formation of Phagosome 3. Fusion with cytoplasmic granules to form a Phagolysosome 4. Digestion and Release of debris

____ is the overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent.

Inflammation

Cardinal Signs

* Rubor (redness) * Calor (heat) * Tumor (swelling) * Dolor (pain) * Functio Laesa (loss of function)

Major events associated with the process of inflammation

1. Increased blood supply (vasodilation) 2. Increased capillary permeability 3. Diapedesis 4. Chemotaxis

____ is the movement of WBC across the blood vessel wall.

Diapedesis

____ is the movement of WBC towards the site of inflammation.

Chemotaxis

Receptors that Activate Immune Response

* Toll-like Receptors * C-type Lectin Receptors (CLR) * Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like Receptors (RLRs) * Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain Receptors (NOD)