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Clin Path 1 > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

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1
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

Paracentesis of the abdomen

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2
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

The removal of fluid from a joint

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3
Q

Centesis

A

Fluid samples that are collected from body cavities

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4
Q

Fine-needle biopsy

A

A sample collection method in which tissue is obtained by puncture of a lesion

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5
Q

Paracentesis

A

The removal of fluid from a body cavity

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6
Q

Punch biopsy

A

The removal of living tissue for microscopic examination with the use of a punch

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7
Q

Thoracocentesis

A

The removal of fluid from the thoracic cavity

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8
Q

Transtracheal wash

A

Performed to help obtain samples from the trachea, bronchi, or bronchioles to help assist in diagnosing pulmonary disease

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9
Q

Tzanck preparation

A

Type of imprint collection that can be used on external lesions

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10
Q

Wedge biopsy

A

A bigger elliptical biopsy specimen of 1 cm or more

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11
Q

List the techniques that can be used for the collection of cytology samples

A

Swab, scrape, or imprint technique can be used for solid masses
Fine-needle biopsy via aspiration or nonaspiration
Centesis
Transtracheal wash
Concentration technique

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12
Q

Describe the procedure for collecting samples by swabbing

A

The area is cleaned with a moist, sterile cotton or Rayon swab
The swab is moistened to help reduce cell damage (if the area is moist then the swab can be dry)
After collection, the swab is fluently rolled along the surface of a clean slide and stained (Ear cytologies should be heat fixed to help reduce excess amounts of wax)

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13
Q

Describe the procedure for collecting samples of imprinting

A

The sample must be blotted to remove excess blood
The sample surface is then touched to the glass slide

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14
Q

Describe the techniques for fine-needle biopsy sample collection

A

Aspiration Procedure: The needle with the attached syringe is inserted into the center of the mass, and the plunger is pulled back approximately 3/4 the volume of the syringe. When material is observed in the hub, the negative pressure is relieved and the needle is withdrawn from the mass. The needle is removed from the syringe and air is pulled into the syringe before the needle is reattached. The sample is expelled out of the hub and onto a clean slide
Nonaspirate Procedure (Capillary technique, stab technique): The mass is held firmly while penetrating the mass with a 22-guage needle and rapidly moving the needle back and forth through the mass 5-6 times along the same tract. The needle is removed and attached to a 10mL syringe filled with air. The sample is expelled onto a clean glass microscope and then smeared

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15
Q

Describe the techniques for transtracheal wash sample collection

A

Orotracheal: passing a catheter through an endotracheal tube in an anesthetized animal
Nasotracheal: passing a catheter through the nasal passages
Percutaneous: passing a catheter through the skin and trachea in a conscious sedated animal

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16
Q

Describe the general procedure for collecting samples by centesis

A

The site is aseptically prepared and all supplies are gathered
A 60mL syringe with a 21-guage needle is typically used
For thoracocentesis, the patient is usually standing while the needle is inserted in the 7th or 8th intercostal space along the cranial aspect of the rib
For abdominocentesis, the patient can be standing or laterally recumbent while the needle is inserted into the ventral abdomen to the right of the midline
Total collection of fluid should be noted along with characteristics such as color and turbidity
Several smears should be prepared at the time of collection and a portion of the fluid should be collected in an EDTA tube

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17
Q

List the methods that can be used to concentrate cytology samples

A

Low-speed centrifugation
Gravitational sedimentation
Membrane filtration
Cytocentrifugation

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18
Q

Compression smears

A
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19
Q

Fixative

A
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20
Q

Impression smears

A
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21
Q

Line smears

A
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22
Q

Modified compression preparations

A
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23
Q

New methylene blue (NMB)

A
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24
Q

Romanowsky stains

A
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25
Starfish smears
26
List the methods that can be used to prepare cytology samples of evaluation
Impression smears Compression smears Modified compression preparations Line smears Starfish smears Wedge smears
27
Describe the technique for performing the compression
A portion of the aspirate is expelled onto a glass microscope slide Another slide is placed over the sample, thereby spreading the sample The slides are smoothly slid part, which usually well-spread smears but this may result in excessive cell rupture
28
Describe the technique for performing the line smear
A drop of fluid sample is placed on a glass microscope slide close to one end Another slide is slid backward to make contact with the front of the drop. When the drip is contacted, it rapidly spreads along the juncture between 2 slides The spreader slide is then smoothly and rapidly slid forward After the spreader slide has been advanced approx. 2/3 of the distance required to make a smear with a feathered edge, the spreader slide is raised directly upward.
29
Describe the technique for performing the starfish smears
A portion of the aspirate is expelled onto a glass microscope slide The tip of a needle is placed in the aspirate and moved peripherally to pull a tail of the sample with it. The procedure is repeated in several directions, which results in a preparation with multiple projections
30
Describe the technique for performing the modified compression smear
A portion of the aspirate is expelled onto the glass microscope slide Another slide is placed over the sample, causing the sample to spread. If necessary, gentle digital pressure can be applied to the top slide to spread the sample more. The top slide is rotated approx. 45 degrees and lifted directly upward to produce a squash prep with subtle ridges and valleys of cells
31
Describe the procedure for fixing and staining cytology samples
95% methanol is the preferred fixative for cytology specimens The prepared cytology slides should remain in the fixative for 2-5 minutes before staining Longer fixative times will improve the quality of the staining procedure and not harm the samples
32
List the potential problems with staining that may be encountered, and describe possible solutions
Possible problems: Excessive blue or pink staining Weak staining Uneven staining Precipitates or preparation Possible solutions: Always use new, clean slides Fresh, filtered stains and fresh buffer solution should be used Cytologic preparations should be fixed immediately after air drying unless they are being sent to an outside lab The surface of the slide or smear should not be touched at any time by human hands
33
Anisokaryosis
Variation in the size of the nuclei of cells in a sample
34
Anisonucleoliosis
Variation in the size of nucleoli
35
Benign
A term used to describe a tumor or growth that is not malignant
36
Carcinoma
A term that describes tumors of epithelial cell origin
37
Discrete round cell tumors
A neoplasia that is characterized by cells with discrete round shapes Ex. Mast cell tumors, histocytomas, lymphomas, plasmacytomas, and transmissible venereal tumors
38
Eosinophilic
A term that refers to an increase in circulating eosinophils or a reddish appearance of cells or components of cells that have a high affinity for stains with acid pH
39
Epithelial cell tumors
A type of neoplasm associated with a clustered arrangement of cells into ball shapes or monolayer sheets Ex. Lung adenocarcinoma, perianal adenoma, basal cell tumors, sebaceous adenoma, transitional cell carcinoma, and mesothelioma
40
Granulomatous
A term that refers to an inflammatory condition that is characterized by high numbers (more than 70%) of macrophages
41
Histiocytoma
A tumor that contains histiocytes (macrophages)
42
Karyolysis
A degeneration of dissolution of a cell nucleus
43
Karyorrhexis
The fragmentation of a cell nucleus
44
Lymphoma
A neoplastic disorder of the lymphoid tissue
45
Malignant
46
Mast cell tumors
A benign local aggregation of mast cells that forms a nodular tumor that occurs in the skin of most species (most commonly dogs)
47
Melanoma
A tumor that arises from melanocytes of the skin or other organs
48
Mesenchymal cell tumors
Tumors of mixed mesenchymal tissues with 2 or more cellular elements that are not commonly associated (not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements)
49
Neoplasia
A generic term that is used to describe any growth Often used to describe a tumor which may be malignant or benign
50
Nuclear molding
A deformation of nuclei by other nuclei within the same cell or adjacent cells
51
Plasma cell tumors
An extramedullary myeloma This type of tumor occurs outside of the bone marrow and it usually affects the visceral organs or the nasophaeyngeal and oral mucosa
52
Pleomorphism
A term that refers to something that takes a variety of shapes and forms or that has multiple morphologies
53
Pyknosis
The presence of condensed nuclear chromatic in a degenerating cell
54
Pyogranulomatous
A term used to describe a cytology sample that is characterized by the presence of macrophages representing more than 15% of total nucleated cells in the sample
55
Sarcoma
A generic term that is used to describe any cancer that arises from cells of the connective tissues
56
Suppurative
Containing, discharging, or causing the production of pus Cytology sample characterized by the presence of neutrophils representing more that 85% of total nucleated cells in the sample Also described as purulent
57
Transmissible venereal tumors
58
Describe the general procedure for the evaluation of cytology samples
The initial evaluation of the cytology preparation should be performed on low magnification (100×) to determine if all areas are adequately stained and to detect any localized areas of increased cellularity. This initial evaluation should be used to characterize the cellularity and composition of the sample by recording the types of cells present and the relative number of each type. A high-power (400–450×) examination should then be performed to evaluate and compare individual cells and to further characterize the types of cells present. Oil immersion must be used to identify specific abnormal nuclear criteria and cytoplasmic inclusions indicative of malignancy.
59
Describe the general appearance of samples from inflammatory lesions
Nuclear changes that might be found in inflammatory cells (i.e., neutrophils) include karyolysis, karyorrhexis, and pyknosis. The presence of bacteria should be noted. Septic inflammatory cells contain phagocytized microorganisms, and dditional phagocytized material may include erythrocytes or parasites.
60
Describe the general appearance of samples from neoplastic lesions
Normally contain homogenous populations of a single cell type Benign neoplasia is described as hyperplasia with no criteria of malignancy present in the nucleus of the cells
61
State the nuclear criteria of malignancy
Anisokaryosis Pleomorphism High or variable nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio Increased mitotic activity Coarse chromatin pattern Nuclear molding Multinucleation Nucleoli that vary in size, shape, and number
62
Differentiate between suppurative, granulomatous, pyogranulomatous, and eosinophilic inflammation
Suppurative: Containing, discharging, or causing the production of pus Granulomatous: high numbers (more than 70%) of macrophages Pyogranulomatous: the presence of macrophages representing more than 15% of total nucleated cells in the sample Eosinophilic inflammation: the presence of more that 10% of eosinophils in addition to increased numbers of neutrophils
63
Describe the general tumor types and state characteristics from each
Epithelial cell tumors: tend to be highly cellular and often exfoliate in clumps or sheets Mesenchymal cell tumors: tend to have low cellularity, and they exfoliate singly or in wispy spindles Discrete round cell tumors: tend to exfoliate very well but are usually not in clumps or clusters
64
Cornified
Keratinized Used to describe epithelial cells as seen in a vaginal cytology smear from a patient in estrus
65
Curschmann's spirals
The coiled mucinous fibrils that are sometimes found in cytologic preparations of bronchial samples
66
Exudate
A fluid accumulation that results from inflammatory processes Characterized by increased cellularity and protein concentration
67
Lymphoma
A neoplastic disorder of lymphoid disorder
68
Modified transudate
A transudate with additional protein, cells, or both It may be a transitional stage that ultimately progresses into an exudate
69
Parabasal
70
Peritoneal fluid
A naturally produced fluid in the abdominal cavity that lubricates surfaces, thereby preventing friction between the peritoneal membrane and the internal organs
71
Pleural fluid
72
Reactive lymph node
73
Synovial fluid
A transparent, viscous fluid that is secreted by synovial membranes and that acts as a lubricant for many joints, bursae, and tendons It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts
74
Transudate
An effusion that is characterized by a low protein concentration and a low total nucleated cell count
75
Wave motion
76
Describe the characteristics of samples of normal peritoneal and pleural fluid
Colorless to straw yellow and transparent to slightly turbid Odorless
77
State the criteria that are used to classify a sample as an exudate, a transudate, or a modified transudate
Exudate - colored, opaque, high number of cells, high total protein count; characteristic of inflammation Transudate - clear, relatively colorless, few to no cells, low protein; not inflammatory Modified transudate - Somewhere in the middle (i.e., some color, some opacity, some cells, some protein); an originally pure transudate that has been modified after sitting awhile in a body cavity, thus acquiring some inflammatory characteristics
78
List and describe the cell types that are seen in normal lymph nodes
Lymphocytes, small: slightly larger than RBC, scanty cytoplasm, dense nucleus Lymphocytes, intermediate: nucleus approx twice as large as RBC, abundant cytoplasm Lymphoblasts: 2-4 times as large as an RBC, usually contains a nucleolus, diffuse nuclear chromatin Plasma cells: eccentrically located nucleus, trailing basophilic cytoplasm, and perinuclear clear zone, vacuoles and/or Russell bodies may be present Plasmablasts: similar to lymphoblasts with more abundant basophilic cytoplasm, may contain vacuoles Neutrophils: may appear similar to neutrophils seen in blood smears or show degenerative changes Macrophages: large phagocytic cell, may contain phagocytized debris, microorganisms, and so on, abundant cytoplasm Mast cells: round cells that are usually slightly larger than lymphoblasts, distinctive purple-staining granules may not stain adequately with Diff-Quik Carcinoma: epithelial tissue origin, usually found in clusters, pleomorphic Sarcoma cells: connective tissue origin; usually occur singly with spindle-shaped cytoplasm Histiocytes: large, pleomorphic, and single or multinuclear, nuclei are round to oval
79
Describe the appearance of a sample from a reactive lymph node
Contain predominantly small, mature lymphocytes as well as plasma cells, lymphoblasts, and intermediate lymphocytes
80
Describe the characteristics of samples of normal synovial fluid
Clear to straw yellow and nonturbid Contains few erythrocytes Sticky Contains at least 90% mono-nuclear cells and less than 10% neutrophils
81
Describe the appearance of samples collected via tracheal wash
Contains few cells, usually with a small amount of mucus Ciliated epithelial cells predominate Columnar to cuboidal, with a polar nucleus on the border opposite the cilia
82
Describe the appearance of vaginal cytology samples from a normal female
Parabasal cells are the smallest and have a high nucleus to cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio (i.e., ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic volume), the nuclei are round, and the cytoplasm is basophilic (i.e., easily stained with basic dyes). Parabasal cells that contain vacuoles (i.e., small cellular spaces) are called foam cells. Intermediate cells vary in size, but in general, they're twice the size of the parabasals. The N:C ratio is decreased, with abundant amounts of cytoplasm. Parabasal cell borders are round to irregular and folded. Sometimes these cells are referred to as superficial intermediate cells or transitional intermediate cells. Superficial cells have small round to shrunken pyknotic (i.e., thickened) nuclei and much light blue cytoplasm with angular borders (“cornflake” appearance). As superficial cells age, they lose their nuclei completely, a process called cornification.
83
Describe the evaluations that are performed on semen samples
Volume of ejaculated Gross appearance of ejaculated Sperm motility Sperm concentration Live-to-dead Ratio Sperm morphology Presence of other cells in semen

Clin Path 1 (5 decks)

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