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Clin Path 1 > General Concepts > Flashcards

General Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathology

A

The study of essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them

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2
Q

Diseases can be diagnosed and monitored via the examination of _____

A

Blood
Urine
Bodily fluids
Secretions
Biopsy specimens

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3
Q

Biologic Hazard
Definition and Example

A

Biological substances that can cause harm with contact
Ex. Zoonotic diseases and used needles

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4
Q

Physical Hazard
Definition and Example

A

Environmental or occupational hazards that can cause harm with contact
Ex. Puddles in floor

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5
Q

Ergonomical Hazard
Definition and Example

A

Discomfort or strain to the musculoskeletal system
Ex. Lifting a large dog onto a table

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6
Q

List the 4 Hazard Control Methods

A
  1. Engineering controls
  2. Administrative controls
  3. Procedural controls
  4. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
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7
Q

Engineering Controls

A

Changing the work environment to eliminate or minimize employee exposure
Ex. Arranging inspections of sink pipes yearly

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8
Q

Administrative Controls

A

Creating specific protocols to minimize employee exposure
Ex. Creating a chemical hygiene plan

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9
Q

Procedural Controls

A

Developing policies that change employee behavior
Ex. Lifting heavy objects correctly

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10
Q

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

A

Protecting employees from hazards via physical means
Ex. Gloves, goggles, gowns

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11
Q

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

A

Federal agency thar regulates how employers treat employees regarding health and safety hazards
Mandate specific laboratory practices that must be included in the laboratory safety manual

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12
Q

Hazard Communication Standard

A

Employers MUST communicate info about the hazards and appropriate protective measures to employees with exposure risk
Communication must be in writing including training programs
Chemicals must be labeled on the container
MSDS must be maintained and accessible

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13
Q

General Shipping Rules for Biozards

A

Leak-proof specimen container
Absorbent material to clean up leaks
A second watertight material layer (plastic bag)
List of contents attached (lab order form)
Appropriate shipping carton

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14
Q

Biohazards

A

Biological substances that pose a threat to human health as well as those substances that are harmful to animals

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15
Q

Dilutions

A

Refers to lessening the concentration level of a solution

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16
Q

Centrifuge

A

A piece of equipment that spins samples at high speed

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17
Q

Incubator

A

A piece of equipment that is used to maintain a constant and suitable temperature for the development of cultures of microorganisms or other living cells

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18
Q

Pipette

A

A calibrated, transparent, open-ended tube made out of glass or plastic that is used to measure or transfer small quantities of a liquid or gas

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19
Q

Refractive Index

A

A measure of the degree that light bends as it passes from one medium to another

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20
Q

Refractometer

A

A device that measures the refractive index of a solution (total solids in a solution)
Measures:
Urine- specific gravity
Plasma- total protein

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21
Q

Supernatant

A

The fluid portion of a sample that is present in centrifugation

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22
Q

List the types of equipment commonly found in the vet practice lab

A

Tubes
Centrifuge
Refractometer
Pipettes
Stain
Temp controlling equipment
Automated analyzers
Microscope

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23
Q

List 3 parts of test tube quality control

A
  1. Expiration date
  2. Watch for broken glass
  3. Check rubber stopper tubes for punctures (no longer sterile if punctured)
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24
Q

Sediment (Precipitate or Pellet)

A

Solid piece at the bottom

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25
What is the difference between horizontal- and angled-head centrifuges?
1. Horizontal-head centrifuge: Cups hang vertically when stopped and swing out to horizontal 2. Angled-head centrifuge: Cups hang at a preset 52-degree angle and don't move at all
26
List the general rules for centrifuge use
Verify the load is properly balanced Ensure the lid is tightly closed before operation Do NOT open the lid until the centrifuge comes to a complete stop Clean all spills immediately and thoroughly remove broken glass
27
Quality control for centrifuges
Maintenence Records of maintenence Time measurement Speed measurements
28
Quality control of refractometers
Calibrate weekly with room temp distilled water Record in maintenance log
29
List the 3 types of pipettes
Transfer Graduated Volumetric
30
Describe Romanowsky stain (Diff-Quik stain)
3 fluid compartments: Methanol (blue) fixative Eosinophilic (pink) stain Basophilic (purple) stain 2 sets: Ears and rears Cytology
31
Romanowsky stain quality control
Change when dirty/floaters Record date changed and inital Read instructions before dumping down the drain
32
Sternheimer-Malbin stain
Contains crystal-violet stain and safranin stain Used for staining urine sediment
33
Sternheimer-Malbin stain quality control
Make weekly slide of only stain If bacterial contamination, order new and discard Record opening date on bottles
34
List types of temperature controlling equipment
Refrigerator Incubator Heat block Water bath
35
Refrigerator Quality Control
Record temp twice daily for both freezer and fridge
36
Incubator Quality Control
Record temp twice daily Refill dish of water
37
Heater Block/Water Block Quality Control
Record temp twice daily Confirm temp/water level prior to use Turn off when not in use
38
List automated analyzers used at an in-house clinic
Hematology Clinical chemistry Electrolyte Urine Coagulation Blood gas Immunology
39
Anemia
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
40
Complete blood count
Counting of erythrocytes and leukocytes
41
Histogram
Graph that provides a visual report of sizes(on the x-axis) and numbers(on the y-axis) of the various cell components
42
Impedance analyzer
A type of analyzer that counts particles based on their displacement of electrolyte solution when the particles pass through an aperture Allows cells to be classified based on their size
43
Laser flow cytometry
Use a focused laser beam to evaluate the size and density of solid components
44
Neubauer rulings
A specific pattern of precise markings on a hematocytometer slide that facilitates the counting of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets in the blood and of all cells in other fluid
45
Polycythemia
An increase in the number of circulating red blood cells Also called erythrocytosis
46
Quantitative Buffy coat analysis
Uses differential centrifiguation and staining to provide an estimation of cellular elements
47
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
Measures the differences in volume and size of red blood cells
48
List the types hematology analyzers
Impedance analyzers Laser-based analyzers Buffy coat analyzers
49
Describe how the electrical impedance analyzer works
1. The blood sample is taken into the anazlyzer 2. The sample is diluted into an electrolyte solution 3. A small electrical current is passed between internal and external electrodes 4. The sample is drawn through the aperture 5. Blood cells impede the electrical charge in proportion to their size 6. Analyzer reads the impedance amount as the size of the blood cell 7. Analyzer interprets cell type based on a set reference range for the impedance level
50
Describe how the laser-based flow cytometer analyzer works
Uses a focused laser beam to count and classify the size and density of cells The degree and direction of scattered light is measured for each cell Dyes can be added to determine mature or immature RBCs
51
Describe how Buffy coat analyzers works
The blood is spun down in the centrifuge to form a Buffy coat (later of cells containing WBCs and platelets) It provides a hematocrit (HCT) and estimate of WBCs and platelets Best used as a screening tool
52
Describe the care and maintenance of automated hematology analyzers
Maintain the tubes, pumps, lights, and valves Use the owner's manual Record daily maintenance and calibration results Monitor expiration dates and amounts of reagents, standards, and controls
53
Describe the procedures for the manual counting of cells
Leukopet system- uses a premeasured volume of phloxine as a diluent and is mixed with the appropriate volume of blood The mixture is placed on a hemocytometer which is a counting chamber to determine the number of cells per microliter
54
Binocular
A microscope that has 2 eye pieces
55
Compound light microscope
A microscope that generates an image by using a combination of lenses
56
Condenser
The part of the microscope that consists of 2 lenses that focus light from the light source on the object being viewed Light is focused by raising or lowering the condenser
57
Dark-field microscope
A type of microscope that is used primarily in reference laboratories especially for viewing unstained specimens
58
Fluorescent microscope
A type of microscope that is capable of viewing fluorescent particles such as an antibody labeled with specific fluorescent dye
59
Numerical aperture
A measure of the efficiency of a microscope objective lens It is proportional to the square root of the amount of light that enters the instrument
60
Objective lens
A lens that accepts light from the output phosphor of an image intensifier tube and converts it into a parallel beam to record the image on film
61
Ocular
Pertaining to the eye
62
Phase-contrast microscope
A type of light microscope that involves a special condenser and objective lens with a phase-shifting ring It is used to visualize small differences in refractive index as differences in intensity or contrast
63
Resolution
The ability of an imaging process to distinguish adjacent structures in the object An important measure in image quality
64
Planachromatic
An objective that corrects for chromatic aberration in two wavelengths and spherical aberration in green, in addition to field curvature
65
Ocular lenses function
Usually available in 4 objective lenses with different magnification power 4x (scanning) 10x (low power) 40x (high dry) 100x (oil immersion)
66
Revolving nose piece
Allows selection of objective
67
Stage
Supports the slide
68
Slide holder
Grasps the slide
69
Mechanical Stage Control
Knobs that move the slide side
70
Light
Shies under stage to illuminate slide
71
Light Intensity Control
Helps adjust the light brightness Brighter for higher magnifications
72
Sub-stage Condenser
Raise and lower the resolution
73
Aperture iris knob/level
Open or close to control amount of light Operates similar to how the eye's iris constricts or dilates
74
Arm or Handle
Used for carrying the microscope
75
Explain the difference between the fine and coarse adjustment knobs
Coarse focus -moves the stage up and down to bring image into focus (large movement) -ALWAYS start with lowest power objective in place before using -NEVER use with high power objective (it will break the slide!) Fine focus -used to bring the image into focus with any objective using minimal movement of the stage
76
Describe steps in examining a slide
1. Turn the stage to the lowest point using the course focus knob 2. Load the slide using the stage holder 3. Turn the nose piece until the 10x objective is in place 4. Look through the eye pieces to adjust for your comfort 5. Use the coarse focus knob to bring the stage up and focus the image 6. Adjust the condenser height for best resolution of plane on slide
77
Describe how to examine a slide under 40x objective lens
Choose a suitable spot to examine and rotate the nose piece to drop the 40x objective into place Use the FINE focus knob to bring the slide image into focus NO COARSE FOCUS KNOB! NO IMMERSION OIL!
78
Describe how to examine a slide under the 100x objective lens
Slowly rotate the nose piece, stopping between the 40x and the 100x Apply a drop of immersion oil where the 100x objective will "touch" the slide Continue to rotate the nosepiece to move the 100x objective into place Use FINE focus knob! NO COARSE FOCUS KNOB!
79
Describe how to complete an examination of a slide
Turn the light off Slowly rotate the nosepiece back to the smallest ibjective lens Lower the stage completely Remove the slide from the stage
80
Describe care of the microscope
Clean the oil-immersion objective with a high-quality lens tissues after each use Only use methanol or the lens cleaning solution Turn off the light between uses Cover the microscope when not in use
81
Describe maintenance of the microscope
Anuual cleaning and adjustment by a microscope professional Keep a log of cleaning and maintenance
82
List components of a comprehensive quality control program
Qualifications of lab personnel Standard operating procedures for care and use of all supplies and equipment Sample collection and handling methods Methods and frequency of performance of quality control assays Record-keeping procedures

Clin Path 1 (5 decks)

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