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Clin Path 1 > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

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1
Q

List the methods used to obtain samples for urinalysis

A

Voided or free-catch
Bladder expression
Urinary catheter
Cystocentesis

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2
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine

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3
Q

Glomerulus

A

A tuft of capillaries located in the renal cortex

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4
Q

Nephron

A

A structural and functional unit of the kidney

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5
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased urine production

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6
Q

Polyuria (PU)

A

Increased urine production

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7
Q

Renal threshold

A

The specific limit for the resorption of specific substances by the nephron

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8
Q

Name the 2 hormones involved in the regulation of urine volume

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone

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9
Q

Bladder expression

A

The manual compression of the urinary bladder to cause the release of urine through the urethra

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10
Q

Catheterization

A

The placement of a catheter in the urethra or the placement of an indwelling catheter in a blood vessel

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11
Q

Cystocentesis

A

The aspiration of fluid from the urinary bladder

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12
Q

Free catch

A

A method of collecting a urine sample by collecting the sample as the animal voids naturally

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13
Q

Tom cat catheter

A

a feline urinary catheter intended for assisting the relief of urethral obstruction in male cats

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14
Q

Discuss the aspects of free catch sample collection

A

Collect from mid-stream to avoid large amounts of contamination
Use a clean container (doesn’t have to be sterile)
Easiest method of collection
Do NOT use for cultural and sensitivity testing due to bacterial contamination

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15
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from canines

A

Soup ladle
Pie plates

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16
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from felines

A

Empty, clean litter box
Plastic beads/popcorn kernels

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17
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from cow

A

Stroke escutcheon (area under vulva and above udder) with moderate pressure

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18
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from small ruminant (sheep/goat)

A

Walk up to them and plug the nostrils

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19
Q

How to free catch naturally voided urine from equines

A

Place in a freshly bedded stall

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20
Q

State the equipment needed for catheterization

A

A sterile plastic or rubber catheter
Sterile gloves
Sterile water-soluble lubricant
Sterile flush
Speculum (female)
Collection cup/syringe

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21
Q

State the procedure for collection of urine via catheterization

A

Sedate the patient if needed and place the patient in the correct position (dorsal/lateral recumbency for male cat or dog and standing/sternal with legs extended off the table for female)
Gather your supplies
Clean vulva/prepuce with mild, dilute antiseptic
Prepare the vagine or penis
Measure estimated length of the catheter to reach bladder
Apply lubricant on the tip of the catheter and insert the catheter by advancing slowly to prevent trauma until urine flows through the catheter

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22
Q

State the equipment needed for cystocentesis

A

Isopropyl alcohol
Sterile hypodermic needles
Sterile syringe
Gloves

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23
Q

State the procedures for collection of urine via cystocentesis

A

Palpate and isolate the bladder
Insert the needle in oblique dorsocaudally angle with your dominant hand
Aspirate the urine sample
Release vacuum on syringe and withdrawal needle
Release the bladder
Change out the needle to new sterile needed
Place sample into the sterile collection tube
Label the sample

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24
Q

Describe the proper handling of urine samples

A

Label, label, label!
Run the UA within 30 minutes to an hour after collection
Refrigerate as soon as possible if needed to maintain sample
Do not use urine samples that are 12 hours old
If refrigerated, bring to room temperature before running the UA

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25
Flocculent
Turbid urine
26
Hematuria
RBCs present in the urine
27
Hemoglobinuria
Hemoglobin in the urine
28
Hypersthenuria
Increased urine specific gravity
29
Hyposthenuria
Decreased urine specific gravity
30
Isosthenuria
Occurs when the urine specific gravity approaches that of glomerular filtrate (1.008 to 1.012) The urinary has not been concentrated or diluted by the kidneys
31
Ketonuria
Ketones in the urine
32
Myoglobinuria
Myoglobin in the urine
33
Pollakiuria
Frequent urination
34
Polydipsia (PD)
Increased thirst
35
Specific gravity
The weight (density) of a quantity of liquid as compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water
36
Urease
an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, forming ammonia and carbon dioxide
37
Urinometer
Used to measure the specific gravity of urine
38
Urochromes
Pigment that causes yellow in the urine
39
List the physical evaluations on urine samples
Volume Color Odor Clarity/transparency Specific Gravity
40
Describe the significance of variation in urine color
Pale yellow: low SG, decreased urine concentration Very yellow: high SG, oliguria (yellow-brown) Brown-green: bile pigment (plus green foam) Red-brown: hematuria, hemoglobin Brown: myoglobin Orange: drugs
41
Describe possible causes of turbid urine
RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, mucus, fat, and bacteria
42
Describe the possible causes for urine odor variations
Strong ammonia smell: urease (protein produced by certain bacteria) Sweet or fruity odor: ketones, using fat for energy in a negative energy balance Strong odor: can be urine left at room temp
43
Describe methods for evaluating urine specific gravity
Measured with a refractometer or reagent strips (unreliable)
44
Bence Jones protein
A light chain protein of immunoglobulin molecules that readily passes through the glomerulus and into the urine
45
Bilirubinuria
An abnormal increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the urine
46
Glucosuria
The presence of glucose in the urine
47
pH
A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
48
Proteinuria
The abnormal presence of protein in the urine
49
Describe the procedure for performing the chemical analysis of urine
Reagent Strip/Dipstick - Quickly dip the strip into the urine or use a pipette and place one drop on each pad - tap off any excess urine - lay flat for color to develop and start timer - compare the strip pad with the bottle and record results - centrifuge sample for sediment review Urinalysis Analyzer - insert Reagent strip face up and start machine - make sure results are printed or sent to the computer - record the USG and sediment
50
List the chemical tests that are commonly performed on urine samples
Reagent Strip/dipstick Urinalysis analyzer Sedivue Sulfosalicylic acid test Urine Protein: Urine Creatinine Ratio Tablet test Ictotest
51
Discuss the significance of proteinuria
Healthy kidneys filter small amounts of protein from blood and reabsorb protein that is filtered out Renal disease can lead to proteinuria
52
Describe the methods used to differentiate between hematuria and hemoglobulinuria
Hematuria: Red urine that spins down into a red pellet and yellow supernatant Hemoglobulinuria: Red urine that does not spin into a pellet with a yellow supernatant
53
Discuss the significance of glucosuria
High levels of glucose can indicate glucose in the urine Persistent hyperglycemia leads to persistent glucosuria and often indicates diabetes mellitus
54
List conditions that can be characterized by ketonuria
Pregnancy toxemia Diabetes mellitus Ketonemia with ketonuria can indicate high-fat diets, starvation, fasting, long-term anorexia, and impaired liver function
55
List conditions that can be characterized by bilirubinuria
Bile duct Obstruction Hemolytic anemia Liver disease
56
Dysuria
Painful urination
57
Stranguria
Slow urination
58
Clinitest
Used to detect sugar in the urine
59
Ammonium biurate
Brownish crystals seen in the urine of animals with severe liver disease
60
Calcium carbonate
A type of crystal that is commonly seen in the urine of rabbits and horses
61
Calcium oxalate
A crystal that is found in acidic and neutral urine Commonly seen in small amounts in dogs and horses
62
Casts
Structures that are formed from the protein precipitates of degenerating kidney tubule cells May contain embedded materials
63
Cellular casts
A formed element in urine that consists of a healing cast that contains blood cells or epithelial cells
64
Crystalluria
Presence of crystals in urine
65
Cystine
An amino acid that may be present in the form of hexagonal crystals in the urine
66
Fatty casts
Formed elements that may be found in urine and that consists of a healing cast with embedded globules of fat
67
Granular casts
A structure that is formed from the protein precipitate of degenerating kidney tubule cells that contain granular material derived from the breakdown of cells incorporated into the cast
68
Healing casts
The structures that are formed from protein precipitates of degenerating kidney tubule cells with no embedded materials
69
Leucine
Crystals that are wheel or "pincushion" shaped and yellow or brown in color May be seen in animals with liver disease
70
Renal epithelial cells
Generally round and contain a large nucleus and nongranular or finely granular cytoplasm Smallest epithelial cells observed in urine
71
Struvite
A common crystal that is seen in alkaline to slightly acidic urine Also known as triple phosphate crystals or magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals
72
Transitional epithelial cells
Only found in the urinary system Granular, have small nuclei, and larger than WBCs
73
Tyrosine
An amino acid that is synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid phenylalanine Found in most proteins and is a precursor of melanin and several hormones including epinephrine and thyroxin
74
Uric acid
A metabolic byproduct of nitrogen catabolism
75
Uroliths
Urinary calculi or stones
76
Waxy casts
Resemble healing casts but are wider with square ends and a dull, waxy appearance Colorless or grey and highly refractive Indicate chronic and severe degeneration of the renal tubules
77
Describe the procedure for preparing urine for microscopic examination
Centrifuge a 10mL sample for 3-6 mins at 1000-2000 rpm Pour off the supernatant Resuspend the sediment by flicking the tube with your fingers Transfer a drop of the sediment near the end of the slide and place coverslip over it Optional: stain with sedi-stain or new methylene blue
78
List the cells that may be encountered in urine sediment and explain their significance
RBCs: inflammatory conditions or slight trauma from collection such as cysto, catheterization, and manual expression WBCs: inflammatory or infectious process such as nephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, and ureteritis Squamous epithelial cells: usually not significant Transitional epithelial cells: low numbers can indicate sloughing of old cells ; increased numbers can indicate cystitis or pyelonephritis or catheterization Renal epithelial cells: rarely seen but increased numbers occur with diseases of the kidney parenchyma
79
List the crystals that may be encountered in urine sediment and explain their significance
Struvite: indicate alkaline urine Calcium oxalate: indicate acidic urine (monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals indicate antifreeze consumption) Calcium carbonate: no clinical significance Ammonium biurate: severe liver disease Sulfonamide: treated with sulfonamides Bilirubin: further investigation for an underlying disease process Leucine and tyrosine: liver disease Cystine: renal tubular dysfunction or cystine urolithiasis
80
Describe the formation of casts
Formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney where the concentration and acidity of urine are greatest
81
List types of casts and explain the significance of each one
Hyaline: mildest form of renal irritation, fever, poor renal perfusion, strenuous exercise, or general anesthesia Granular: acute nephritis and more severe kidney damage Epithelial: acute nephritis and other conditions that cause degeneration of the renal tubular epithelial Leukocyte: inflammation in the renal tubules Erythrocyte: renal bleeding either from trauma or bleeding disorders or part of an inflammatory lesion Waxy: chronic and severe degeneration of the renal tubules Fatty: seen in cats with renal disease and occasionally in dogs with diabetes mellitus; large numbers indicate degeneration of the renal tubules
82
List and describe parasites that may be encountered in urine sediment
Bladder worms: similar to the whip worms Kidney worms Microfilariae
83
Discuss the significance of bacteria in urine sediment
If accompanied by WBCs, can indicate a UTI

Clin Path 1 (5 decks)

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