Cytology

Question 1

Put this in order of smallest to largest: molecule, atom, organelle, macromolecule, cell, organ, organ system

Answer 1

atom < molecule < macromolecule < organelle < cell < organ < organ system

Question 2

Who is technically the father of cytology?

Answer 2

Robert Hooke

Question 3

What are the two type of cells that form the zygote?

Answer 3

embryo + sperm

Question 4

Zygote forms two forms of cells- which one of them is specialized?

Answer 4

somatic cell

Question 5

What type of stem cells are there?

Answer 5

Embryonic + adult stem cells

Question 6

When are embryonic cells formed? (2 points)

Answer 6

1. inner cell mass (blastocyst -week 1)

2. Embryo (week 3)

Question 7

Where can you find adult stem cells?

Answer 7

brain, nerve, bone marrow, skeletal muscles….

Question 8

Which stem cell is pluripotent based on two types of stem cells?

Answer 8

embryonic- adult is multipotent

Question 9

Why is the cell membrane amphipathic?

Answer 9

Has hydrophobic side (fatty acid tail) and hydrophilic side (phosphate)

Question 10

What are the types of membrane proteins?

Answer 10

• peripheral: on the outside (loose)
• glycocalyx: glycoprotein + glycolipid
• lipid anchored
• integral: in membrane

Question 11

What binds cytoplasm together?

Answer 11

Cystol

Question 12

Where do you find chromatin?

Answer 12

nucelus

Question 13

What are the types of chromatin?

Answer 13

Euchromatin (light color): Inactive

Heterochromatin (dark color): active

Question 14

True or false- some cells lose nucleus as they grow.

Answer 14

True- e.g RBC

Question 15

What is the composition of small and large subunit of ribosome?

Answer 15

Small: 33 proteins + 1 rRNA
Large: 50 + 3 rRNA

Question 16

Whats the difference between smooth and rough ribosomes structurally?

Answer 16

No ribosome bound - smooth

Ribosome bound- rough

Question 17

Whats the difference between smooth and rough ribosomes function?

Answer 17

Inside cell organelle - smooth

Proteins outside of cell - rough

Question 18

What are the faces of golgi apparatus?

Answer 18

Cis: vesicles fuse here

medial: modifies package
trans: sends it off

Question 19

True or false- Endoplasmic reticulum have membranes

Answer 19

True

Question 20

True or false- Lysosome reticulum dont have membranes

Answer 20

False

Question 21

What is the name of a mature vesicle?

Answer 21

secretory granules

Question 22

What do lysosomes contain?

Answer 22

Hydrolytic enzymes and acid bacterial agent (lysoferrin + lysozyme)

Question 23

Whats the difference between lysosome and lysozyme?

Answer 23

Lysoferrin: Bind ion + other metals
lysozyme: dissolve bacterial cell membrane

Question 24

Whats the function of a proteasome?

Answer 24

Breakdown cytosolic protein (unneeded) by attaching it to proteasome core.

Question 25

What processes do a peroxisome undergo?

Answer 25

Oxidase: break down substances to make H2O2 Catalase: use H2O2 to break down toxic compound Peroxidase: Make cholesterol + membrane components

Question 26

True or false- Mitochondria have DNA

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Where do we get mitochondrial DNA?

Answer 27

Mom- egg contain 200,000 mitochondrial DNA vs sperm: 5

Question 28

Whats the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

Answer 28

Both are endocytosis. Pino: water Phago: pathogen

Question 29

True or false- Exo/endocytosis need ATP

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What are the elements of cytoskeleton?

Answer 30

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

Question 31

Which cytoskeleton element has protein kinesin and dynein?

Answer 31

microtubule

Question 32

Which cytoskeleton element is made of rope-like structure?

Answer 32

microfilaments

Question 33

What is the most stable cytoskeleton element?

Answer 33

intermediate

Question 34

Where are microtubules found?

Answer 34

cillia, flagella, centrosomes

Question 35

What cytoskeleton element has tube structure?

Answer 35

intermediate filament

Question 36

How are microtubules formed?

Answer 36

Alpha and beta globular protein pair with each other to make a protofilament (require GTP)

Question 37

How are intermediate formed?

Answer 37

alpha helical dimer come together to make a tetramer -> many tetramers= unit length filament -> many of that= intermediate filament

Question 38

What is an example of intermediate filament?

Answer 38

nerves

Question 39

What is an example of microfilament?

Answer 39

muscle

Question 40

How does transport occur in microfilament?

Answer 40

Filopodia: finger like extension Lamallipodia: via sheets Actin pushes to direction of movement Myosin move against cell membrane

Question 41

What is the difference between apical, lateral and basal surfaces?

Answer 41

apical: contact with lumen Lateral: to cell Basal: close to basement membrane

Question 42

What is the difference between gap junction and tight junction location?

Answer 42

gap junction: basal surface | Tight: apical surface

Question 43

True or false- tight junction is made of connexons

Answer 43

False- is made of transmembrane proteins

Question 44

True or false- gap junction is made of connexons

Answer 44

True- 1 connexon= 6 connexins

Question 45

Whats the point of a desmosome?

Answer 45

Anchoring

Question 46

What are the types of desmosome?

Answer 46

spot and belt desmosome and hemidesmosome

Question 47

What cytoskeleton is found in spot desmosome?

Answer 47

intermediate- keratin (arranged vertically)

Question 48

What cytoskeleton is found in belt desmosome?

Answer 48

microfilament- actin (arranged horizontally)

Question 49

Whats the point of hemidesmosome?

Answer 49

Junction to base membrane

Question 50

True or false- stereocillia is not branched

Answer 50

False- it is! and is longer than microvilli

Question 51

True or false- Microvilli and stereocillia are motile

Answer 51

False

Question 52

Where is stereocillia found?

Answer 52

Hair of ears (mechanoreceptors) and ductus defrens

Question 53

Where is microvilli found?

Answer 53

epithilia

Question 54

True or false- microvilli is made of actin and cell membrane

Answer 54

True.

Question 55

True or false- Stereocillia is made of actin and cell membrane

Answer 55

False- just actin