Immunology

Question 1

What is the immune system?

Answer 1

Mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body.

Question 2

What is the purpose of immune system?

Answer 2

• Self recognition
• Non self recognition
• Establishment of a protective environment

Question 3

What’s the type of immunity?

Answer 3

• Innate immunity: nonspecific- first line of defense

- Acquired/adaptive immunity: specific- develop in response of infection (two types: humoral & cell mediated)

Question 4

What’s the difference of innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 4

Innate: nonspecific, 1st line & no memory
Adaptive: specific, 2nd line and had memory

Question 5

What are origin of cells in immune system?

Answer 5

lymphoid & myeloid

Question 6

What cells do myeloid cell contain?

Answer 6

Monocytic (macrophage and dendritic) & granulocytic (neutrophil,basophil, eosinphil)

Question 7

What are in lymphoid cells?

Answer 7

NK cells, B cells (plasma) and T cells (helper, suppressor and cytotoxic)

Question 8

What cells are between adaptive and innate immunity?

Answer 8

Killer T cells

Question 9

What are organs of immune system?

Answer 9

Primary lymphoid and secondary lymphoid organs

Question 10

Whats the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 10

primary: where its made
Secondary: receptors

Question 11

What do primary lymphoid organs contain?

Answer 11

B and T

Question 12

What do secondary lymphoid organs contain?

Answer 12

Spleen, lymph node, tonsils, appendix and peyers patch

Question 13

What are the cells in innate immunity?

Answer 13

• Monocyte/ macrophages
• dendritic
• Nonphagocytic
• naturall killer T
• mast cell
• neutrophils

Question 14

What types of macrophages are there?

Answer 14

• Polymorphonuclear cell: neutrophil

- Mononuclear cell: monocyte

Question 15

True or false- both macrophages and dendritic cell have antigens

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or false- dendritic cell have 2 types

Answer 16

False - 1

Question 17

Whats the purpose of dendritic cell?

Answer 17

Antigen presenting cell (best one at that)- activate specific immunity.

Question 18

Where does dendritic cell come from?

Answer 18

Comes from myeloid progenitor cell

Question 19

What are the types of nonphagocytic cells?

Answer 19

Eosinphil: resistant to infections
Basophil: allergic reaction- histamine

Question 20

True or false- depending on monocyte location name changes

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Whats purpose of neutrophils?

Answer 21

• Migration in response to chemical signal
• Migrate through vessel walls to area of infection
• Phagocytize microbes

Question 22

True or false- there are 2 types of neutrophils

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Which one is released first- neutrophils or macrophages?

Answer 23

neutrophils- available in acute phase whereas macrophages occur during inflammation

Question 24

Which is found in only inflamed tissues- neutrophils or macrophages?

Answer 24

Neutrophil - macrophage found everywhere.

Question 25

Which one is long lived- neutrophils or macrophages?

Answer 25

macrophages

Question 26

True or false- B cell is antigen presenting cell.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or false- natural killer cells are t cells

Answer 27

False- neither b or t

Question 28

Where is natural killer cells found in?

Answer 28

virus

Question 29

What can B cells differentiate to?

Answer 29

plasma and memory

Question 30

What T lymphocytes are they + purpose?

Answer 30

T helper cell (CD4) Cytotoxic T cell (CD8+)- acts on virus Suppressor T cell (CD4+) – regulate immune response Memory T cell

Question 31

What is the line of defense of innate immunity?

Answer 31

First: skin, mucus membrane and normal microblota secondary: Phagocyte (neutrophil), Dendritic cell, Macrophage, Inflammation, Fever & Antimicrobial substances.

Question 32

What is the components of innate immunity?

Answer 32

- Anatomical barrier - cellular component - humoral component

Question 33

What is the components of Anatomical barrier?

Answer 33

- Mechanical factors - Chemical factors - Biological factors

Question 34

What is the components of cellular component?

Answer 34

- Neutrophil - Monocyte + macrophage - NK cells - Eosinphil - Basophil/mast cells

Question 35

What is the components of humoral component?

Answer 35

- Complement - Cytokines - Coagulation system

Question 36

What proteins do you find in anatomical barrier?

Answer 36

- Histatin - Alpha defensins - Beta defensins - Surfactant proteins A & D

Question 37

Whats the purpose of anatomical barrier?

Answer 37

-secrete mucus

Question 38

What does the deficiency of anatomical barrier cause cause?

Answer 38

cystic fibrosis

Question 39

What are the mechanical factors in anatomical barrier?

Answer 39

Skin: barrier stratified epithelium: remove microbes on skin tight junction: prevent entry mucus membrane: trap + remove organisms flushing action: tear, saliva & urine

Question 40

What are the chemical factors in anatomical barrier?

Answer 40

Fatty acid in sebaceous secretion: Inhibit bacterial growth Sweat/dermicidine : Kill bacteria and fungi Acid pH: kill bacteria Enzymes: Hydrolyze bacteria cell wall Surface of lung: Act as opsonin

Question 41

What are the components of biological factors in anatomical barrier?

Answer 41

Microbial antagonism & Antimicrobial peptides

Question 42

What is the point of the biological factor Microbial antagonism?

Answer 42

- Prevent attachment of invading pathogens - Compete for nutrients – inhibit growth - Produce antimicrobial substances - Maintain acidic e.g vaginal lactobacilli

Question 43

What is the components of the biological factor antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 43

Phospholipase and alpha and beta ribonuclease

Question 44

Where are antimicrobial peptides found in?

Answer 44

skin, mucus membranes & intestinal Paneth cells

Question 45

What is the purpose of the biological factor antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 45

increased production in response of bacterial infection & proinflammatory cells

Question 46

What are cytokines in humoral component?

Answer 46

They are proteins with proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties which act in autocrine or paracrine way

Question 47

What are the components of cytokines in humoral component?

Answer 47

- Interleukin: cytokines made of T cells (mostly) | - Chemokine: cytokine with chemotactic property (e.g IL8 and FMLP)

Question 48

What are complement in humoral component?

Answer 48

Group of proteins that work with innate response

Question 49

What are complement pathways in humoral component?

Answer 49

Classical, Mb lectin and alternate

Question 50

What are the purpose of complement in humoral component?

Answer 50

Phagocytosis and phagolysis

Question 51

What are the factors of inflammation?

Answer 51

Endogenous and exogenous

Question 52

What are the component of endogenous factor of inflammation?

Answer 52

- tissue necrosis | - bone fracture

Question 53

What are the component of exogenous factor of inflammation?

Answer 53

- mechanical- cut - physical- burn - chemical- corrosive chemical - immunologic injury- hypersensitivity - Biologic injury- infection

Question 54

What is the purpose of inflammation?

Answer 54

return tissue to initial state

Question 55

What is symptoms of inflammation?

Answer 55

- Pain (dolor) - Redness (rubor) - Heat (calor) - Edema (tumor) - Loss of function

Question 56

What are the steps to inflammation?

Answer 56

1. Mast cell causes vasodilation + increased capillary permeability 2. phagocyte goes to site- migrate especially neutrophil (by chemokines) 3. neutrophils squeeze themselves through junctions – this causes transmigration 4. They do phagocytosis 5. Macrophage secrete hormone cytokines- which are involved tissue repair. 6. Tissue repair