Cytology

Question 1

Mitochondria are

Answer 1

major site of ATP synthesis

Question 2

Mitochondria have ____ organelles

Answer 2

elongated organelles

Question 3

Mitochondria have two membranes

Answer 3

Porous outer membrane - Encloses intermebrane space
Inner membrane - with many Cristal enclosing Gell like matrix includes enzymes for the electron transport system and ATP synthase

Question 4

Mitochondrial matrix contains

Answer 4

Enzymes for oxidation of fatty acids and citric acid cycle

Question 5

Cytochrome C

Answer 5

Released from inside of nucleus to trigger apotheosis, cell death

Question 6

Lysosomes purpose

Answer 6

Break down material and cells using digestive enzymes

Question 7

Primary Lysosomes

Answer 7

Contain inactive acid hydrolase specific for degrading cellular macromolecules

Question 8

Secondary lysosomes

Answer 8

Heterogenous, fusing with vesicles to digest by hydrolytic enzymes. Products released into cytoplasm for reuse

Question 9

Autophagy

Answer 9

Lysosome digest nonfunctional organelles

Question 10

Residual bodies

Answer 10

condensed vesicle containing indigestible molecules

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

In cytoplasm
Composed of 4 rRna segments
Used in protein translation

Question 12

Golgi apparatus

Answer 12

Stack of membranous cistern to process and package proteins produced by RER for secretion

Question 13

Golgi apparatus protein modifications

Answer 13

salvation and glycosylation

Question 14

How do substances leave the Golgi apparatus

Answer 14

Packed in vesicles with coat proteins and secreted by exocytosis

Question 15

Nucleus

Answer 15

command centre of cell containing machinery for DNA replication and synthesis of all RNA

Question 16

Nuclear envelope

Answer 16

Double set of membranes
Supported by nuclear lamina composed of intermediate filaments called laming
Separates cytoplasm from nucleoplasm
Penetrated by nuclear pore complexes on outer membrane

Question 17

Chromatin

Answer 17

DNA + ASSOCIATED PROTEIN

Question 18

Euchromatin

Answer 18

Chromatin and DNA active in transcription - stains light

Question 19

Heterochromatin

Answer 19

Inactive chromatin - stains dark

Question 20

Nucleosomes

Answer 20

DNA wrapped around histones

Question 21

Nucleolus

Answer 21

Electron dense area of chromatin where rRNA transcription and ribosomal subunit assembly occurs

Question 22

Plasma membrane

Answer 22

Lipid bilayer of amphipathic phospholipids surrounding cells

Question 23

Lipid bilayer

Answer 23

Stabilised by cholesterol containing embedded (integral) proteins and peripheral proteins on cytoplasmic surface

Question 24

Integral proteins

Answer 24

Receptors, channels and pumps

Question 25

Lipid rafts

Answer 25

Area in membrane of less movement - High cholesterol and saturated fatty acids

Question 26

Endocytosis types

Answer 26

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 27

Endoplasmatic Reticulum

Answer 27

Membranes enclosing cistern

Question 28

RER

Answer 28

Covers surface of nucleus Containing ribosomes Well developed in cells for active secreting proteins Proteins undergo translocation and post translational modification and folding

Question 29

SER

Answer 29

Lacks ribosomes | Contains enzymes for lipid and glycogen metabolism and detoxification reactions