Cytology

Question 1

Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 1

Small in structure

Reproduces identical offspring

No nucleus (DNA floating inside)

No membrane-bound internal cell structures

Seen in simple organisms eg. Bacteria

Has an additional cell wall

Has Pilli hairs

Question 2

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 2

Has Nucleus &

Organelles

Complex structure

Bigger in size

Reproduced through mitosis & miosis (can evolve)

Question 3

Mitosis

Answer 3

somatic cell reproduction

Double amount of DNA in the mother cell (before the division)

1 division (46 on each side)

2 daughter cells

46 chromosomes

identical reproduction

Purpose: body cell growth & repair

Question 4

Meiosis

Answer 4

Used to produce Gametes - Sex Cells

The outcome is to produce daughter cells with slightly different DNA. created genetically unique offsrping.

Process: Copy of cell 2 sets of 46 (each set is different )

1st division creates 2 cells with 46 chromosomes each

2nd division creates 4 unique cells with 23 chromosomes each (ready to pair with another sex cell to reform 46)

Question 5

Basic Layers of the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 5

2 layers (outside + Inner side) of Phosphate heads - hydrophilic

Lipid tails facing inwards - hydrophobic

Question 6

Hydrophilic

Answer 6

water-loving

Question 7

Basic elements of the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 7

2 layers (outside + Inner side) of

Phosphate heads & Lipid tails

Transmembrane proteins (protein doorways)

Sugar & protein Chains -

Transmembrane (fat) - eg. Cholesterol.

Question 8

Cell membrane sugar & protein chains role:

Answer 8

Act as flags to identify the cell as our own.
Protein chains act as receptors - eg. for hormones
Appear on outer phosphate heads

Question 9

What do transmembrane proteins do

Answer 9

act as selective doorways letting things in and out of the cell.

Question 10

Cholesterol role in the cell membrane

Answer 10

strength & reduces permeability

Question 11

Nucleus

Answer 11

Holds DNA (6 ft)
Hold Nucleolus

Question 12

Nucleolus

Answer 12

holds RNA

Question 13

mRNA purpose

Answer 13

mRNA - messenger to carry gene sequence from inside Nucleus DNA (Transcription) to Ribosomes (translation) for protein synthesis

Question 14

MItochondria

Answer 14

Bean shapes structures

Form ATP (energy) in cells

Requires Glucose and oxygens to produce ATP

fuels metabolic processes within the cell

Question 15

Ribosomes

Answer 15

the smallest structure within the cell

job is to make proteins

Question 16

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 16

Rough - contains ribosomes that make proteins to go OUTSIDE of the cell.

Smooth - no ribosomes - Produce Lipids & Steroid Hormones

Question 17

Smoother Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 17

Smooth - no dots. Job is to make lipids & steroid hormones

Question 18

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 18

Post office.

Enzymes package and send off proteins to outside the cell.

Question 19

Lysosomes

Answer 19

Contains enzymes (up to 60).
Job is to break things down within the cell (old organelles, waste material).
Once broken down can be excreted from cell.

Question 20

Cytoskeleton

Answer 20

Strains of protein found throughout the cell to give ot structure.

Question 21

cytoplasm

Answer 21

water material within cell membrane

Question 22

Transcription

Answer 22

mRNA takes a copy of section of DNA and takes it outside the nucleus to the Ribosome

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

The process of RNA being made into a protein within the ribosome

Question 24

What is cytosol

Answer 24

Basic watery fluid inside a cell.

Question 25

What is Cytoplasm

Answer 25

Cell content excludingthe nucleus (includes the cytosol and organelles).

Question 26

What is phospholipid bilayer

Answer 26

Cell membrane

Question 27

Phosphate heads are water

Answer 27

loving - hydrophilic

Question 28

Lipid tails are water

Answer 28

hating - hydrophobic

Question 29

Phospholipid bilayer contains

Answer 29

Phosphate heads & lipid tails Transmembrane proteins Transmembrane fats - Cholesterol

Question 30

Microtubules

Answer 30

Proteins - strong & rigid. Support structure of cell - scaffolding maintain shape of cell. Organelles travel through tubes to move inside the cell.

Question 31

centrioles

Answer 31

Helps with Mitosis. Help pull the chromosomes to left and right before cell splits.

Question 32

Types of Passive transport

Answer 32

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

Question 33

Functions of Transmembrane proteins

Answer 33

Transport Immunological ID Receptors

Question 34

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 34

the movement of larger substances from high to low concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins.

Question 35

Diffusion

Answer 35

the movement of small substances from a high to low concentration.

Question 36

High to Low transport is

Answer 36

Passive Transport - NO energy

Question 37

Low to High Transport is

Answer 37

Active Transport - requires energy

Question 38

Types of Active Transport

Answer 38

1. Pumps eg. Sodium / Potassium Pump 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis

Question 39

Endocytosis

Answer 39

Engulfing of particles into the cell membrane wall

Question 40

Exocytosis

Answer 40

Removal of waste from cell