Urinary System

Question 1

What is excreted in urine

Answer 1

Urea
Uric Acid
Creatinine
-

Nitrogen (H+)
Medication / Toxins

Question 2

Minimum urine excrete per day

Answer 2

500mL

Question 3

Important electrolytes balanced by Kidney

Answer 3

Sodium, Potassium, Hydrogen

Question 4

Two main hormones created by Kidney

Answer 4

Calcitriol

Erythropoietin

Question 5

Calcitriol function

Answer 5

1. Stimulates calcium & magnesium uptake from GIT

2. Reduces calcium loss in Kidney

Question 6

Erythropoietin function

Answer 6

stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow

Question 7

Renal threshold for glucose is

Answer 7

9mmol/L

Question 8

The kidneys control blood pressure and volume by;

Answer 8

Conserving or eliminating water.

Blood pressure is regulated by the release of Renin from kidneys

Question 9

Pathway triggered by release of an enzyme from the kidney to control blood pressure:

Answer 9

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone pathway

Question 10

Layers of Kidney

Answer 10

Renal Capsule (deep)
Adipose capsule (middle)
Renal Fascia (superficial)

Question 11

Layers of ureters

Answer 11

Inner mucous membrane
Muscularis - smooth muscle
Adventitia - outer coat connective tissue

Question 12

Small triangular area in back of bladder

Answer 12

trigone

Question 13

Two sphincters of urethra

Answer 13

Internal Urethral Sphicter (involuntary)

External Urethral Sphincter (Voluntary)

Question 14

Male Urethra passes through

Answer 14

Prostate

Question 15

Three stages of Urine formation

Answer 15

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion

Question 16

What substances pass through glomerulus ?

Answer 16

Water, elecrolytes, amino acids, glucose, hormones, ketoacids, creatinine, urea, uric acid, toxins

Question 17

Which substances do not pass through the glomelerus ?

Answer 17

Blood cells, plasma proteins, platelets

Question 18

What is the GFR

Answer 18

Glomerular Filtration Rate - the amount of filtrate formed in the renal cropuscle of both kidneys each minute

Question 19

Normal GRF

Answer 19

90ml/min

Question 20

What happens when Albumin leaks into urine

Answer 20

Loss of osmotic pressure within the blood - resulting in oedema.

Question 21

Where is reabsoption occuring

Answer 21

Mainly in Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Water, amino acids, glucose, electrolyes

Question 22

Hormones that affect kidney reabsorption of sodium, chloride, calcium & water

Answer 22

Angiotensis 2
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
parathyroid hormone

Question 23

What does the RAAS Do?

Answer 23

Increases blood pressure

Question 24

Basic RAAS pathway

Answer 24

Kidneys: Release enzyme Renin

Liver: Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotenisin

Lungs: Angiotensin 1 is conversted into Angiotensin 2 by an enzyme called ACE

Adrenal Cortex: Angiotensin 2 causes the release of Aldosterone

Question 25

What does Angiotensin 2 do

Answer 25

1. triggers pituitary gland to release ADH | 2. Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to release Aldosterone

Question 26

What does Aldosterone do?

Answer 26

Increases renal absorption of water and sodium

Question 27

What affect does Parathyroid hormone have on the Kidneys

Answer 27

Stimulates release of calcitriol. | It causes the kidney to reabsorb calcium and magnesium.