Integumentary & Lymphatic System

Question 1

integumentary system

Answer 1

Skin System

Question 2

The skin consists of 3 main layers

Answer 2

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous / adipose layer

Question 3

Epidermis

Answer 3

The superficial layer of skin, formed of epithelial tissue

Formed of ‘keratinised epithelium’

Question 4

Dermis

Answer 4

The middle layer of skin, formed of connective tissue

The dermis contains a matrix of collagen and elastic fibres

contains accessory structures such as sweat glands, hairs and sebaceous glands

Question 5

Subcutaneous / adipose layer

Answer 5

An insulating and protective layer of fatty tissue

Question 6

Epidermis Cells

Answer 6

90% of epidermal cells are Keratinocytes
8% of epidermal cells are Melanocytes
2% of epidermal cells are Langerhans cells (immune)

Question 7

Keratinocytes

Answer 7

Keratinised cells in epithelial epidermis - Keratin is a tough fibrous protein that
protects from heat, microbes & chemicals

Question 8

Melanocytes

Answer 8

create Melanin and give skin its pigment - colour

Question 9

Types of melanin in skin

Answer 9

Eumelanin (brown/black) &;

Pheomelanin (reddish/yellow)

Question 10

Layers of The Epidermis

Answer 10

Stratum corneum - 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes.

Stratum lucidum - Clear layer of cells - only in Thick areas of skin (heels)

Stratum granulosum - ‘Grainy’ cells that are becoming keratinised and slowly cut off from blood supply- dying

Stratum spinosum - new keratinocytes

Stratum basale - Single row dividing to form new keratinocytes.

Question 11

How long does it take for the epidermis to be replaced

Answer 11

40 days

Question 12

jaundice

Answer 12

yellow skin Colour from pathology due to bilirubin

Question 13

The Dermis

Answer 13

The thickest layer in the skin, formed of connective tissue. The dermis contains a matrix of collagen and elastic fibres.

Question 14

Collagen & Elastic fibres

Answer 14

Collagen - strength

Elastic - recoil

Question 15

Dermis accessory structures

Answer 15

• Arterioles & capillaries (thermoregulation).
• Lymph vessels & ; sensory nerve endings.
• Sweat glands (and ducts), hairs & arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands.
• Fibroblasts and immune cells – macrophages & mast cells.

Question 16

What do sweat glands excrete

Answer 16

water, urea, sodium, ammonia

Question 17

purpose pf sweat glands

Answer 17

Body heat used to evaporate sweat – help regulate body temperature.

Question 18

Names of sensory nerve endings in Dermis

Answer 18

Meissner’s corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Free nerve ending

Question 19

Meissner’s corpuscle

Answer 19

Light pressure nerve ending

Question 20

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 20

sensitive to deep pressure

Question 21

Small muscles attached to each hair follicle

Answer 21

arrector pili

Question 22

Sebaceous Glands

Answer 22

secrete sebum which keeps hair soft, provides water-proofing for the skin and is anti-microbial

Question 23

Skin Functions

Answer 23

protection
thermoregulation 
Vit D production
Sensation
Absorption
Excretion

Question 24

How does skin Protect

Answer 24

• Physical Barrier
• Sebum - contains fatty acids which inhibit microbial growth
• Sweat - contains lysozymes
• Desquamation
• Nerve sensors - induce protective reflexes

Question 25

Desquamation ?

Answer 25

shedding of skin cells

Question 26

Normal Body Temp

Answer 26

36.5 – 37.5°C

Question 27

Temperature control centres

Answer 27

hypothalamus & medulla oblongata | brain stem

Question 28

How does skin control body temp

Answer 28

1. Sweat - water evaporates | 2. (vasodilatation/vasoconstriction) - blood moves towards skin surface

Question 29

Hypothermia

Answer 29

core temperature drops below 35 C

Question 30

Hyperthermia

Answer 30

core temperature elevates above 38.5oC

Question 31

How does the skin help Vit D production

Answer 31

UV light activates a vitamin D precursor in the skin. | The kidneys convert the precursor to calcitriol.

Question 32

Where is Vit D stored

Answer 32

Liver

Question 33

Calcitriol use

Answer 33

increase uptake of calcium | and phosphorus from food into blood, thus, ultimately supporting bone density.

Question 34

What is the Active form of Vit D

Answer 34

Calcitriol

Question 35

Skin Absorption

Answer 35

``` Vit A, D, E, K Some medications, Essential Oil 02 & CO2 Toxins ```

Question 36

Superficial Wound healing

Answer 36

1. Basel cells move across the gap until CONTACT INHIBITION occurs. 2. Epidermal growth factor causes multiplication of the basal cells until space is filled.

Question 37

Deep wound healing

Answer 37

Inflammatory phase Proliferative phase Remodelling phase

Question 38

Deep wound healing - Inflammatory phase

Answer 38

leukocytes to clean up Blood clot forms repair the basement membrane

Question 39

Deep wound healing - Proliferative phase

Answer 39

Laying of collagen & blood vessels. Growth & repair of epithelial cells.

Question 40

Keloid Scar

Answer 40

Normally raise - takes up larger space than the wound

Question 41

Hypertrophic scar

Answer 41

more common. Stays within the boundary of wound.

Question 42

Stratum corneum

Answer 42

Most superficial layer of the epidermis. Flattened dead Keratinised cells.

Question 43

Stratum basale

Answer 43

The innermost layer of the epidermis. Single row dividing to form new keratinocytes.

Question 44

Types of Nerve Ending in Demis

Answer 44

Meissner's corpuscle Pacinian corpuscle Free Nerve Endings