D1 anatomy test2 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
between what vertebrae separates the superior from inferior mediastinum?
A
T4-T5, inferior part has the heart
2
Q
describe the development of lungs in relation to mediastinum
A
lungs grow out from mediastinum becoming surrounded by the pleura
3
Q
pleural cavities are surrounded by what cells?
A
mesothelial cells
4
Q
what is in the root of the lung?
A
pulmonary vessels, lymphatic tissue, nerves
5
Q
parietal pleura vs visceral pleura
A
parietal is the outer layer. Visceral is directly on the lungs
6
Q
what is a recess?
A
space of thoracic cavity the pleura doesn’t cover.
7
Q
name the largest recess
A
costodiaphragmatic recess
8
Q
how high does the pleura cavity extend in the neck?
A
2-3 cm above rib 1
9
Q
what is a axillary inlet
A
gateway from thorax to superior limbs
10
Q
what makes it?
A
superior margin of scapula, clavicle, lateral margin of rib 1. Brachial plexus passes through this.
11
Q
what separates the abdomen from thorax?
A
diaphram
12
Q
2 pathways structures enter the abdomen
A
pass through, pass posteriorly
13
Q
pathway of inferior vena cavae
A
through central tendon near T8
14
Q
esophagus pathway
A
through the muscular part near the mediastinum near T10
15
Q
Aortic pathway
A
posteriorly to diaphragm midline at T12
16
Q
breasts have 3 things
A
glands, superficial fascia, skin
17
Q
lymphatic drainage of medial parts of breast
A
parasternal nodes
18
Q
lymphatic drainage of lateral parts of breast
A
axillary region of upper limb
19
Q
what nerves innervate breasts?
A
intercostal nerves 4-6
20
Q
Explain why vertebral level 4-5 is important clinically
A
rib counting to find rib 2 (The clavicle covers rib 2), Also separates superior/inferior mediastinums, marks superior limit of pericardium, marks the aortic arch, Bifurcation of trachea
21
Q
give some reasons why the venous system shunts left to right
A
Right atrium is on right side of body, superior & inferior vena cavae are on right side
22
Q
what delivers the left side of the body (head, neck, upper limb, part of thorax) to superior vena cava?
A
left brachiocephalic vein
23
Q
what drains everything else?
A
hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos veins
24
Q
why is the anterior part of the rib more inferior that the posterior part?
A
to allow expansion of the rib cage during respiration. The anterior thoracic wall moves
25
why is the middle part of the rib lower than both ends?
to allow it to elevate during inhalation
26
what causes the rib cage to change volume vertically?
the diaphragm pushing up
27
Pectoralis major m.
Largest and most superficial of pectoral region
28
Origination of pectoralis major m.
anterior surface of medial 1/2 of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage
29
insertion of pectoralis minor
lateral lip of intertubercular groove
30
action of pectoralis major m
adducts, flexion, medially rotates humerus
31
origin of pectoralis minor m.
anterior surface of rib 3-5
32
insertion of pectoralis minor
coracoid process of scapula
33
action of pectoralis minor m.
pulls shoulder inferiorly
34
what is the clavipectoral fascia?
covers pectoralis minor and attaches to clavicle
35
what makes the Superior thoracic aperature
body of vertebra T1, medial margin of rib 1, manubrium
36
what makes the inferior thoracic aperature
body of T12, rib 12 & distal end of 11, distal cartilaginous ends of ribs 7-10, xiphoid process
37
Thoracic vert. with ribs
3 articulations,
38
what are demifacets?
where the ribs articulate with the vertebra ( superior & inferior demifacets)
39
what ribs only have one demifacet?
T1 and T10
40
which ribs don't articulate with the transverse processes?
11,12 because the are floating ribs
41
name the true ribs and why theyre true
1-7, they articulate directly with the sternum
42
name the false ribs
8-12
43
what is the scalene tubercle and what rib is it found
rib 1, superior surface has 2 grooves. Anterior groove is for subclavian vein, posterior is for subclavian artery
44
what kind of joint is the costotransverse joint?
synovial, stabilized by 2 extracapsular ligaments. costotransverse lig. and lateral costotransverse lig.
45
costotransverse ligament
medial to joint, attaches neck of rib to transverse process
46
lateral costotransverse ligament
lateral to joint, attaches tip of transverse process to tubercle of rib
47
what kind of movement happens at these joints
gliding and sliding
48
joint of the head of the rib
synovial with 2 compartments and an intra-articular ligament that attaches crest to adjacent intervertebral disc. All this is surrounded by a joint capsule
49
sternocostal joints
between upper 7 costal cartilages and sternum. joint of rib 1 is fibrocartilagenous and the rest are synovial with sternocostal ligaments
50
interchondral joints
between ribs7-10
51
vessels organization in intercostal grooves
vein is most superior, then artery, then the nerve. ( the nerve is often not protected because its so low)
52
what is the endothoracic fascia?
deep to costal groove and full of fat.
53
name the 3 intercostal muscles and their organization
external ( superficial), internal ( between), innermost ( deep)
54
external intercostal muscles
11 pairs, most active in inspiration
55
external intercostal membrane
the external intercostal muscles turn into this as they reach the costal cartilage
56
internal intercostal muscles
11 pairs, inferior lateral edge of costal grooves to superior margins. Mostly active during expiration
57
internal intercostal membrane
end of muscle near the vertebral column
58
innermost intercostal muscles
same orientation as the internal
59
supreme intercostal arteries
forms the upper 2. The supreme intercostal arteries are a branch of the costocervical trunk
60
what is the costocervical trunk derived from?
it is a posterior branch of the subclavian artery
61
Where are the remaining 9 pairs derived from?
branches off of the aorta
62
where do anterior intercostal arteries derive from?
directly or indirectly from internal thoracic arteries
63
internal thoracic artery is derived from and turns into what?
derived from the subclavian artery in neck. As it descends it turns into the superior superior epigastric artery &musculphrenic arteries
64
where does the superior epigastric artery go?
into the anterior abdomen wall
65
where does the musculophrenic artery go?
through the diaphragm and ends at the last intercostal space
66
which one supplies the upper 6 ribs? Lower6?
internal thoracic artery, musculophrenic artery
67
parasternal nodes
thoracic wall drains here. Then drains to bronchomediastinal trunks
68
where do intercostal nodes in lower thorax drain?
thoracic duct
69
where do superficial regions drain?
axillary lymph nodes
70
innervation of thorax
mainly by intercostal nerves which are anterior rami of spinal nerves
71
Trachea starting and ending point
C6-T4/T5 plane
72
what is the name of the lowest tracheal cartilage around the bifurcation?
carina
73
which main bronchus is wider with a vertical course?
right. This is why inhaled stuff get stuck here more often
74
name the bifurcations of the trachea
trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus
75
describe a bronchopulmonary segment
kind of like a dermatome for lungs. It is an area of the lung supplied by a segmental bronchus. It is the smallest functionally independent region of a lung that can be removed. There are a total of 10 of these.
76
which pulmonary artery is longer and why
right, because the heart is laid on its side.
77
where do physicians listen to each lobe?( right lung)
superior lobe- anterolateral thoracic wall
middle lobe-lower anterior and lateral wall
inferior lobe- posterior and inferior walls
78
pulmonary arteries carry what
deoxygenated blood to the lungs
79
where does the right bronchial artery originate?
3rd posterior intercostal atery
80
where do the 2 left bronchial arteries arise from?
anterior surface of aorta
81
where do bronchial veins drain ?
either pulmonary veins or left atrium, into azygos vein on right or hemiazygos vein on left
82
name the 2 plexuses that innervate the lungs and where they are
anterior, posterior pulmonary plexuses. They are behind or in front of the tracheal bifurcation
83
visceral efferents from the vagus nerve............
constrict the bronchioles
84
visceral efferents from the sympathetic system .....
dilate the bronchioles
85
lymph nodes of lungs
drain in tracheobronchial nodes which are around lobar and main lobes .
86
lymphatic drain pathway of lungs
tracheobronchial nodes->parasternal nodes & bronchomediastinal nodes-> bronchomediastinal trunks-> drain into base of neck
87
3 blood entrances into the right atrium
superior, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
88
what is the sinus of venae cavae?
smooth thin walls that both venae cavae empty into
89
foramen ovale function
shunts blood away from the RA to the LA to by pass the lungs
90
what is the foramen ovale called as an adult?
fossa ovalis
91
conus arteriosus
out flow from the right ventricle to the lungs
92
what is trabeculae carneae?
This is a muscle layer in ventricles
93
Right ventricle papillary muscles
anterior, posterior, septal
94
what is the septomarginal trabecular( moderator band)
carries part of conduction system .
95
where is the tricuspid valve found?
right atrioventricular valve. Cusps are held together by commissures at base
96
name the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve
anterior, posterior, septal
97
pulmonary valve
3 semilunar valves. Left, right, and anterior semilunar cusps
98
2 papillary muscles of the left ventricle
anterior, and posterior papillary muscles
99
Parts of the interventricular septum
upper membranous, and lower muscular.
100
mitral valve
left atrioventricular valve, Anterior, and posterior cusps joined by commissures.
101
Aortic valve
3 semilunar cusps. Right, Left, Posterior aortic sinuses
102
which semilunar cusps do the coronary sinuses arise from?
right and left cusps. This is why the posterior cusp is reffered to as noncoronary sinus and cusp
103
name the 2 types of valve diseases
incompetence- poorly functioning valves, stenosis- a narrowing of the orifice caused by the inability of the valve to open all the way
104
what can heart diseases cause?
left ventricular hypertrophy, increased pulmonary venous pressure, pulmonary edema, hypertrophy of left atrium
105
pulmonary valve disease is most likely caused by......
a sort of disease
106
most common heart abnormality
atrial/ ventricular defects during development.
107
What is ASD/ VSD?
Atrialseptal defect, ventriculoseptal defect
108
which one is more common?
VSD ( happen in the membranous part of the septum)
109
Purpose of ductus arterioses
blood that slips into the pulmonary artery goes through this shunt into the aorta to the body. This is another by pass of the lungs
110
PDA?
Persistent ductus arteriosus, When the ductus arterioses fails to close
111
name the cardiac conduction pathway
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, left and right branches, purkinje fibers
112
the autonomic division of the PNS is responsible for 3 things
heart rate, cardiac output, force of each contraction
113
where are the cardiac plexuses located?
Superficial & deep, ( anterior to aorta and posterior to aorta)
114
Parasympathetic innervation of cardiac sys.
decrease heart rate, reduces force of contraction, constricts the coronary arteries
115
sympathetic innervation of cardiac sys.
increases heart rate, increases the force of contraction.
116
visceral afferents in cardiac sys.
sense alterations of blood pressure and chemistry
117
what layer of the pericardium covers the ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk?
visceral layer of the pericardial sac
118
at what level does the pulmonary trunk divide into right & left pulmonary arteries?
T5-T6
119
where is the superior mediastiunum?
posterior to manubrium and sternum and anterior to bodies of first 4 cervical vert.
120
what are the superior and inferior boundaries of the superior mediastinum?
oblique plane from manubrium to T1, T4/T5 plane
121
what borders it laterally?
parietal pleura from the lungs
122
major structures found in superior mediastinum....
Thymus, R/L Brachicephalic veins, superior vena cava, trachea, esohpagus, phrenic nerves, vagus nerves..........
123
left superior intercostal vein receives what posterior intercostal veins?
2-3
124
inferiorly the left superior intercostal vein sometimes connects to what?
accessory hemiazygos vein
125
how much of the inferior vena cava in contained in the pericardial sac?
the lower half. Remember the pericardial sac is the middle mediastinum.
126
the Brachiocephalic trunk divides into what two arteries?
right subclavian, right common carotid arteries
127
what do these two arteries supply?
right side of head and neck , upper right limb
128
name the small branch that occasionally is on the brachiocephalic trunk
thyroid ima artery- vascular supply to thyroid
129
second branch of the aortic arch
left common carotid artery ( supplies left side of head and neck)
130
third branch of aortic arch
right subclavian artery ( sullies left upper limb)
131
what lies on the left and right sides of the trachea and esophagus in the thorax area?
left - aorta, right- azygos vein
132
vagus nerves
as they pass through the thorax they provide parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic viscera and carry afferents from the thoracic viscera
133
special characteristic of the Visceral Afferents of Vagus nerve
relay info to CNS about normal physiological processes and reflex activities, not pain
134
where do the phrenic nerves arise?
cervical region mainly from 4th but also 3rd and 5th cervical spinal cord segments
135
what do phrenic nerves do?
motor and sensory innervation to diaphragm and its membrane
136
At what level does the thoracic duct shift to the left side? Where does it empty?
T5, Junction between the internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein
137
where does the right bronchomediastinal trunk drain?
the right sublcavian vein
138
where does the thoracic duck start and end?
L2-lower neck
139
how does it leave the thorax?
aortic hiatis
140
Where do the internal thoracic arteries branch from and what do they turn into
from the subclavian arteries, they turn into the musculophrenic arteries and superior epigastric arteries
141
where does the right supreme intercostal artery come from?
costocervical trunks witch are on the subclavian arteries.
142
Where does the azygos vein dump?
superior vena cava
143
which side does the azygos vein cover?
right side of thorax
144
where does the left superior intercostal artery come from
left brachiocephalic vein, it gives of the first 3-4 posterior intercostal veins
145
what level does the accessory hemiazygos vein start?
T8, T4-T8 posterior intercostal veins.
146
where does the accessory hemiazygos vein start and end? what veins does it supply?
starts ~T9, ends at right ascending lumbar vein/ left subcoastal vein junction , lower T4-T5 posterior intercostal veins
