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veterinary science 2.1 > dairy production (wk 10) > Flashcards

dairy production (wk 10) Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the world’s food production need to increase by in order to feed the population in 2050?
1. 20%
2. 30%
3. 50%
4. 60%

A
  1. 60%
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2
Q

New Zealand currently contributes what % of world trade for sheep meat, beef and milk products?
1. 20% sheep meat, 10% beef, 20% milk
2. 20% sheep meat, 15% beef, 40% milk
3. 40% sheep meat, 10% beef, 20% milk
4. 50% sheep meat, 8% beef, 30% milk
5. 60% sheep meat, 20% beef, 40% milk

A
  1. 50% sheep meat, 8% beef, 30% milk
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3
Q

How can external factors affect a dairy farms production system?
1. External factors do not affect a farms production system
2. Farmers will adjust their management according to the price received per kgMS
3. Impact pasture supply

A
  1. impact pasture supply
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4
Q

What percentage of pastoral land is used for dairy farming in NZ?
1. 10%
2. 20%
3. 30%
4. 40%
5. 50%

A
  1. 20%
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5
Q

What percentage of pastoral land is used for sheep, deer and beef farming in NZ?
1. 20%
2. 30%
3. 40%
4. 60%
5. 80%

A
  1. 80%
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6
Q

In New Zealand, what is land use determined by?
1. Climate
2. Soil type
3. Soil fertility
4. Topography
5. All of the above

A
  1. all of the above
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7
Q

What do dairy farmers sell to make their income?
1. Live animals
2. Meat
3. Meat and milk
4. Meat and live animals
5. Meat, milk and live animals
6. Milk
7. Milk and live animals

A
  1. meat, milk and live animals
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8
Q

Pasture production is determined based on three key variables - what are they?

A
  1. climate (mainly rainfall pattern and temperature)
  2. soil fertility
  3. topography
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9
Q

How much grass does a typical dairy farm produce per year?
1. 6 to 10 T DM/ha/year
2. 9-12 T DM/ha/year
3. >12 T DM/ha/year

A
  1. > 12 T DM/ha/year
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10
Q

How much grass does a typical extensive hill country sheep and beef farm produce per year?
1. 6 to 10 T DM/ha/year
2. 9-12 T DM/ha/year
3. >12 T DM/ha/year

A
  1. 6 to 10 T DM/ha/year
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11
Q

cow scientific name?

A

Bos taurus

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12
Q

cow family?

A

Bovidae - also includes other ruminants like sheep, goats and antelope

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13
Q

cow order?

A

Artiodactyla - the even toed ungulates (hooved), including sheep, cow, deer and pigs

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14
Q

The three most common dairy breeds in NZ?

A

Holstein Friesian (33%), Jersey (8%), and crossbreds (mostly Holstein Friesian x Jersey) 50%.

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15
Q

How is a sharemilker paid?
1. They receive a percentage of the milk income and they share in the farm running costs
2. They receive a salary
3. They receive a set price per kilogram of milksolids produced

A
  1. They receive a percentage of the milk income and they share in the farm running costs
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16
Q

How is a contract milker paid?
1. They receive a percentage of the milk income and they share in the farm running costs
2. They receive a salary
3. They receive a set price per kilogram of milksolids produced

A
  1. They receive a set price per kilogram of milksolids produced
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17
Q

Which dairy company do most dairy farmers supply?
1. a2 Milk company
2. Fonterra
3. Open Country milk
4. Synlait
5. Tatua

A
  1. Fonterra
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18
Q

how many hours a day do cows sleep?

A

around 4 hours per day in multiple short bouts, with 1 hour rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in sternal recumbency.

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19
Q

what do cows spend most of the day doing?
1. ruminating
2. grazing
3. sleeping
4. idling

A
  1. grazing (followed by ruminating)
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20
Q

sunrise and sunset are peak grazing hours, cows graze in bouts of _____ minutes?

A

90 minutes, more when on poor quality pasture

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21
Q

what’s the name for a female bovine that has been masculinized due to exposure to male hormones from a male twin while they were in the same uterus during gestation. are sterile and typically exhibit some male physical characteristics?

A

a freemartin

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22
Q

age range of heifers?

A

less than 4 years of age

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23
Q

age range of cows?

A

more than four years of age, mature female

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24
Q

what is a springer?

A

pregnant cows that are developing an udder, ie near their expected calving due dates

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25
Q

How many lactations does the average cow have (before being culled) in a NZ dairy system?
1. 1
2. 4.5
3. 7
4. 10+

A
  1. 4.5 - but they can live to 20
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26
Q

how are individual dairy cows identified?

A

by their NAIT and visual ear tags, additionally can note breed, colour, age and pregnancy/lactation status

27
Q

what records are kept of individual animals on a dairy farm?

A

computer program MINDA or equivalent normally used to record at least mating dates, calving dates, progeny details, herd testing results, animal health records (eg when antibiotics were administered). BSC or weight often also recorded

28
Q

how long is the reproductive cycle of a dairy cow?

A

21 days - long dioestrus period, short oestrus

29
Q

how long is the proestrus period in a cow?

A

6-10 hours

30
Q

how long is the oestrus period of a cow?

A

15-18 hours

31
Q

sniffing other cows and bellowing - is it…
1. proestrus
2. oestrus
3. both oestrus and proestrus

A
  1. proestrus
32
Q

restless, attempts to ride other cows, moist red vulva - is it….
1. proestrus
2. oestrus
3. both oestrus and proestrus

A
  1. both oestrus and proestrus
33
Q

will stand to be ridden, hair and skin rubbed of tailhead and ischiatic tuberosities, mucus discharge from vulva, tail in the air standing with arched back, may hold milk at milking, different order coming to shed for milking - is it….
1. proestrus
2. oestrus
3. both oestrus and proestrus

A
  1. oestrus
34
Q

the key measures of reproductive performance in a dairy cow system are….

A
  • 6 week in calf rate
  • 3 week submission rate
  • conception rate
35
Q

what is the not in calf rate dependent on?

A

the length of the mating period on a given farm, and therefore how many heat events a cow has which it could conceive on - but longer mating periods = longer calving periods and so on

36
Q

What are the benefits of having a long mating period?

A

higher in calf rates

37
Q

What are the negatives of having a long mating period?

A
  • extended calving period
  • mismatch with pasture supply curve
  • lower MS production per cow
  • later calving the following year
38
Q

Following calving, do cows have a postpartum anoestrus interval?

A

yes - for 6 weeks, then go back to cycling

39
Q

how many weeks after calving does peak lactation occur in the dairy cow?

A

6 to 8 weeks after calving - early/mid spring

40
Q

What are milksolids and why do they matter to the farmer?

A

the protein + fat in the milk, it’s what they get paid on

41
Q

Dairy farmers will ­­­­­­____________ year to year?
1. Adjust their production system according to the price per kg milk solids
2. Keep their production system as constant as possible
3. Keep their production system exactly the same

A
  1. Adjust their production system according to the price per kg milk solids
42
Q

in NZ cows are body condition scored on a ? to ? scale?

A

1-10 scale - less than 3 is emaciated, over 6 is obese (most dairy cows are between 3-6

43
Q

cows calving 1 body condition score higher or lower than target?
- take 8-10 days longer to start cycling and are later calving next season
- produce approximately 15 kg MS less in the current season

A

Cows calving 1 BCS unit lower than target

44
Q

cows calving 1 body condition score higher or lower than target?
- have a lower intake than thinner cows post-calving
- mobilise more BCS post-calving and are more prone to metabolic diseases

A

higher - cows calving at BCS 6 (fat) rather than 5

45
Q

Between calving and mating, it is common for New Zealand dairy cows to:
1. Gain 0.5 BCS unit
2. Gain 1 BCS unit
3. Lose 0.5 BCS unit
4. Lose 1 BCS unit
5. Maintain their BCS

A
  1. Lose 1 BCS unit
46
Q

What target body condition scores should mixed age dairy cows reach?
1. 4 at calving; 4 at mating
2. 5 at calving; 4 at mating
3. 5 at calving; 5 at mating
4. 5.5 at calving; 4.5 at mating
5. 6 at calving; 5 at mating

A
  1. 5 at calving; 4 at mating
47
Q

How long would it take a dry cow to gain 1 BCS unit when offered a standard pasture diet?
1. 30 days
2. 40 days
3. 50 days
4. 60 days
5. 70 days

A
  1. 60 days (30 days for 0.5 BCS)
48
Q

What are the three key drivers of productivity, in a pasture based dairy system?

A

quantity, harvesting efficiency/pasture utilisation, efficiency of feed conversion

49
Q

The main benefit of setting pasture mass targets is to_________?
1. A. Ensure cows are accurately fed on a day to day basis
2. B. Plan ahead to ensure animal requirements are met at key times
3. C. Minimise weed population in pasture
4. A and B
5. A and C
6. B and C

A
  1. A and B
50
Q

A farm with a higher stocking rate WILL NOT_______?
1. Better maintain pasture quality
2. Produce more milk solids per cow
3. Produce more milk solids per hectare
4. Use a greater proportion of total feed intake to meet maintenance requirements
5. Utilise a greater amount of supplementary feed

A
  1. Produce more milk solids per cow
51
Q

do forage crops have a greater, similar or less response to nitrogen fertilizer relative to grass pasture?

A

greater - more cost effective to apply it to crops first then pasture if more feed is still needed

52
Q

In New Zealand, how much nitrogen are farmers are allowed to use?
1. A maximum of 100 kgN/ha
2. A maximum of 190 kgN/ha
3. A maximum of 300 kgN/ha
4. A minimum of 100 kgN/ha
5. As much nitrogen fertilizer as they like

A
  1. A maximum of 190 kgN/ha
53
Q

New Zealand dairy farmers don’t commonly use nitrogen fertilizer in which season?
1. Autumn
3. Early spring
4. Late spring
5. Summer

A
  1. summer - applying nitrogen while it is still dry and hot will result in a high level of volatilization (loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere), important to have enough soil moisture
54
Q

What is the typical time frame for a nitrogen response?
1. It will result in an immediate effect
4. 2-3 weeks
3. 4-8 weeks

A
  1. 4-8 weeks
55
Q

How much N should be applied in one dressing?
1. 5-10 kgN/ha
2. 10-20 kgN/ha
3. 25-50 kgN/ha
5. 70-100 kgN/ha

A
  1. 25-50 kgN/ha
56
Q

Supplementary feeding in NZ dairy systems is not used to ­­­­______?
1. Optimize the amino acid profile of the diet
2. Overcome pasture deficit in dry summers
3. Overcome pasture deficit in early lactation
4. Provide specific nutrients that pasture is lacking

A
  1. Optimize the amino acid profile of the diet
57
Q

Home grown supplements always result in greater financial returns per MJME compared to bought-in supplements?
1. True
2. False

A
  1. False
58
Q

What do farmers need to consider when comparing the price of supplements?
1. Expected utilization of the supplement
2. Labour requirements
3. Machinery requirements
4. The purchase or cost price of the supplement per kgDM and per MJME
5. All of the above

A
  1. All of the above
59
Q

In addition, all cows need to undergo udder involution, a process takes a minimum of 45 days but it is recommended to allow 60 days - what is udder involution?

A

when it returns to a non-secreting state and has time to repair and rejuveniate cells.

60
Q

In order to achieve a 365 day calving interval, it is important that cows conceive within a ______ week mating period?
1. 3
2. 4
3. 6
4. 8
5.10

A
  1. 6
61
Q

the dry off period is important for cows to ______?
1. Gain body condition
2. Gain body condition and undergo udder involution
3. Have a rest
4. Have a rest and gain body condition
5. Undergo udder involution

A
  1. Gain body condition and undergo udder involution
62
Q

t is recommended that dry off dates allow cows at least ­______ days prior to their next calving?
1. 40
2. 45
3. 60
4. 65
5. 70
6. 75

A
  1. 60 - this is how long udder involution takes
63
Q
A

veterinary science 2.1 (22 decks)

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