DAT_Bio1_Molecules and Biology Fundamentals new Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
any substance that takes up space and has mass is called ______
A
matter
2
Q
an ______ is a substance that has specific chemical and physical properties
A
element
3
Q
an ______ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains all the chemical properties of an element
A
atom
4
Q
can an atom breakdown into something smaller while still retaining the properties of the original element
A
no
5
Q
molecules result whenever ______ atoms join together
A
2 or more
6
Q
______ are molecules that contain more than one element
A
compounds (ex H2O is a molecule/compound)
7
Q
what are the strong attractive forces that hold atoms within a molecule
A
intramolecular forces
8
Q
which type of force exists between molecules
A
intermolecular forces
9
Q
which type of force (intra/intermolecular) determines physical properties?
A
intermolecular
10
Q
______are molecules that have the potential of bonding to other identical molecules through chemical reactions
A
monomers
11
Q
______is the process when monomers bond together and it forms
A
polymerization; polymers
12
Q
______are substances that have a large of monomers bonded together
A
polymers
13
Q
what are the 3 varieties of carbohydrates
A
monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides
14
Q
monosaccharides have a ratio of precisely ____ per water molecule and they have the empirical formula______
A
1 carbon; (CH2O)n
15
Q
ribose is a ______ sugar monosaccharide
A
pentose (five carbon)
16
Q
glucose and fructose are ______ sugars monosaccharides
A
hexose (six carbon)
17
Q
glucose and fructose are ______ of each other
A
isomers
18
Q
what type of carbohydrate results when 2 monosaccharide monomers bondjoin together
A
disaccharide
19
Q
monosaccharide monomers join together via what type of reaction
A
dehydration/condensation reactions
20
Q
what type of bond is formed and what is released in a dehydration/condensation reaction
A
covalent bond formation; release of H2O
21
Q
what is the opposite of a condensation/dehydration reaction - why ?
A
A hydrolysis reaction adds H2O to a covalent bond and splits monomers apart
22
Q
what is the name of the bond that forms when a carbohydrate attaches to another molecule?
A
glycosidic
23
Q
which disaccharide contains 1 glucose and 1 fructose
A
sucrose table sugar
24
Q
which disaccharide contains 1 galactose and 1 glucose
A
lactose
25
which disaccharide contains 2 glucoses linked together
maltose
26
polysaccharides are long polymers of______
monosaccharides
27
______may or may not have branching
polysaccharides
28
some polysaccharides are for ______ and others are for______
storage structure
29
______is a crucial storage polysaccharide in plants
starch
30
starch contains many ______ monomers in linear forms as well as branched forms
glucose
31
linear plant starch is called______
amylose
32
what is amylopectin
branched form of plant starch
33
______is a storage polysaccharide found in humans
glycogen
34
glycogen contains many ______ monomers
glucose
35
is amylopectin or glycogen more branched
glycogen
36
what type of bonds does glycogen have
alpha-1,4-glycosidic (linear) many alpha-1,6-glycosidic (branches)
37
name two alphaglucose polysaccharides
starch (ex amylose amylopectin) glycogen
38
______is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls wood and paper
cellulose
39
cellulose is a ______ polymer
glucose
40
what type of bonds does cellulose contain what do they do
beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds allows cellulose to form linear strands that pack together in parallel
41
cellulose has high ______ due to its structure
rigidity
42
chitin is a ______ polysaccharide
structural
43
chitin is found in the cell walls of ______ and in the exoskeletons of ______
fungi; insects
44
chitin is a structural polysaccharide with ______ added to each monomer
Nitrogen
45
what type of bonds are in chitin
beta-1,4-glycosidic
46
proteins contain polymers called ______ and each of these polymers contain monomeric subunits called______
polypeptides; amino acids
47
in an amino acid what 4 things is the central (alpha) carbon bonded to
hydrogen atom (H) amino group (NH2) carboxyl group (COOH) and an "R group"
48
how many amino acids are there
20
49
amino acids in a polypeptide are linked together via a covalent bond called a ______ bond
peptide
50
how do amino acids form peptide bonds with one another
dehydration/condensation reactions
51
which type of reactions separate the amino acids of a polypeptide
hydrolysis
52
polypeptides have an ______ terminus and a ______ terminus
amino (N-); carboxyl (C-)
53
the ______ structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence
primary
54
all proteins have ______ structure
primary
55
the ______ structure of a protein are folds that occur in a polypeptide chain due to intermolecular forces between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
secondary
56
the ______ is the amino acid structural features other than the R-group
polypeptide backbone
57
does the secondary structure include interactions between Rgroup atoms
no
58
which level of protein structure includes alpha helices and betapleated sheets
secondary
59
the ______ structure is the 3D structure of larger polypeptide chains due to usually noncovalent interactions between amino acid Rgroups
tertiary
60
what are the common interactions between Rgroups in tertiary structure
ionic bonding; hydrogen bonding; dipole-dipole interactions; London dispersion (van der Waal) forces; hydrophobic interactions; disulfide bonding
61
usually tertiary structures involve noncovalent interactions however ______ bonds are the covalent exception
disulfide
(these are covalent)
62
which amino acids allows disulfide bond formation
cysteine
63
the ______ structure refers to large proteins that have multiple subunits (ie contain multiple polypeptide chains)
quaternary
64
while there are multiple polypeptide chains in a quaternary structure the entire structure is considered to be ______
1 protein
65
______causes proteins to lose their secondary tertiary and quaternary structures
protein denaturation
66
denatured proteins retain their ______ structure
primary
67
loss of ______ leads to a loss of protein function
shape (denaturation)
68
what are some causes of protein denaturation
excess temperature, chemicals, pH changes, radiation
69
______are molecules that increase reaction rates
catalysts
70
despite speeding up reactions catalysts do not affect the ______ of a reaction
spontaneity
71
______are not used up by the reactions they manipulate meaning the reaction does not change them
catalysts
72
catalysts lower ______ to speed reactions
activation energies/transition state energies
73
______do not change energy absorbing reactions to energy releasing ones or vice versa
catalysts
74
catalysts do not affect the energy of ______ or ______
reactants products
75
______are biological protein catalysts
enzymes
76
substrates bind to enzymes at the ______ (location)
active site
77
the ______ measures how efficient an enzyme is in converting substrate to product
specificity constant
78
enzymes bind at the active site via the ______ model
induced fit
79
not all enzymes are proteins give an example of an RNA enzyme
ribozymes
80
______are nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes
cofactors
81
______are organic cofactors eg vitamins
coenzymes
82
inorganic cofactors are usually ______
metal ions eg iron (Fe2+) or magnesium (Mg2+)
83
______refer to enzymes that are bound to their cofactor
holoenzymes
84
what is an apoenzyme
an enzyme that is lacking not bound to its cofactor
85
cofactors that tightlycovalently bind to their enzyme in a holoenzyme are known as______
prosthetic groups
86
Protein enzymes have optimal ______ and ______ ranges in which they have the highest enzymatic activity
pH temperature
(temperature ranges at the upper end of a normal physiological range generally increase enzyme function)
87
______is a form of enzyme regulation where inhibitors compete with substrates for active sites
competitive inhibition
88
we can outcompete a competitive inhibitor by adding more______
substrate
89
what is enzyme saturation
all active sites are occupied
90
______is when an inhibitor binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme
noncompetitive inhibition
91
what is an allosteric site
a different location that is not the active site of enzyme catalysis
92
a noncompetitive inhibitor binding to the allosteric site modifies the ______ so that the substrate has reduced binding or cannot bind
active site
93
we cannot ______ allosteric inhibitors by adding more substrate
outcompete
94
the rate of enzyme catalysis is unaffected by increasing the substrate concentration in ______ inhibition
noncompetitive
95
______is the substrate concentration X at which the velocity is 50 of the Vmax
Michaelis Constant (Km)
96
a ______ Km indicates that Vmax is reached at low substrate concentrations because enzyme abilityfunction is high
small
97
a ______ Km indicates that Vmax is reached at high substrate concentrations because enzyme availabilityfunction is low
large
98
in competitive inhibition Km increases and Vmax______
remains the same
99
this enzyme cleaves a phosphate group off of a substrate molecule
phosphatase
100
this enzyme adds a phosphate group to a substrate molecule using inorganic phosphate
phosphorylase
101
this enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an ATP molecule to a substrate molecule
kinase
102
in noncompetitive inhibition Km stays the same and Vmax ______
decreases
103
lipids are ______ nonpolar molecules meaning they do not mix well with water
hydrophobic
104
what are the components of a triglyceride
three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone
105
what type of bonds exist between glycerolfatty acids in a triglyceride
ester linkage
106
______fatty acids have no double bonds
saturated
107
saturated fatty acids pack______
tightly
108
saturated fatty acids tend to be ______ at room temperature
solid (think of butter)
109
______fatty acids can possess 1 (or more) double bonds
unsaturated
110
______fatty acids have 1 double bond
monounsaturated
111
______fatty acids have 2 or more double bonds
polyunsaturated
112
cis-unsaturated fatty acids create ______ in the fatty acid chain, meaning they do not pack tightly
kinks
113
trans-unsaturated fatty acids pack together ______ and they are very bad for health
tightly
114
______are a unique type of lipid fat found in cell membranes
phospholipids
115
what are the components of a phospholipid
a three-carbon glycerol backbone attached to 1 phosphate group and 2 fatty acid tails
116
phospholipids are ______ meaning they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties
amphipathic
(the phosphate group is polar and hydrophilic the fatty acids are nonpolar and hydrophobic)
117
______are like phospholipids but with a carbohydrate group rather than a phosphate group
glycolipids
118
cell membranes form through spontaneous ______ of phospholipids into a bilayer
self-assembly
119
cholesterol contains ______ hydrocarbon rings and is also amphipathic
four
120
what are the factors that modulate membrane fluidity
temperature; cholesterol; degree of unsaturation in the phospholipid fatty acid tails
121
what maintains membrane fluidity in the cold
increasing phospholipid unsaturation cholesterol
122
what maintains membrane fluidity in the heat
decreasing phospholipid unsaturation; cholesterol
123
cholesterol is a starting material for vitamin ______ and a precursor to ______ acids
D; bile
124
______is the most common steroid precursor
cholesterol
125
lipids are insoluble and must be transported through the blood in structures called______
lipoproteins
126
lipoproteins contain a ______ of phospholipids cholesterol and proteins
coat
127
______ (lipoproteins) have a low density of proteins and are generally considered unhealthy
lowdensity lipoproteins (LDLs)
128
______ (lipoproteins) have a high density of proteins and are generally considered to be healthy
highdensity lipoproteins (HDLs)
129
waxes & carotenoids are ______ derivatives
lipid
130
______contain esters of fatty acids and monohydroxy alcohols
waxes
(monohydroxy alcohols contain just one hydroxyl group)
131
waxes are often used as a ______ protective coating
hydrophobic
132
describe the general structure of a carotenoid
long carbon chains with conjugated double bonds and 6-membered rings at each end
133
describe the general function of a carotenoid
they function as pigments which produce colors in plants and animals
134
describe the general structure of a sphingolipid
sphingoid base backbone composed of a set of aliphatic nonaromatic amino alcohols
135
describe the general function of a sphingolipid
membrane structural integrity signal transduction and cell recognition
136
what are 2 common nucleic acids to know
DNA; RNA
137
______have a pentose sugar attached to a nitrogenous base
nucleosides
138
a ______ is a pentose sugar attached to a nitrogenous base and a single phosphate group
nucleotide
139
nucleic acids are polymers made of ______
nucleotides
140
what are the 4 possible bases of a DNA nucleotide
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
141
what are the 4 possible bases of a RNA nucleotide
adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
142
nucleotides can be further categorized depending on their nitrogen base as a ______ or ______
purine; pyrimidine
143
nitrogenous bases that are ______ have 2 rings
purines
144
nitrogenous bases that are ______ have 1 ring
pyrimidines
145
Adenine and Guanine have 2 rings and are classified as______
PURines
(PUR As Gold)
146
Cytosine Uracil and Thymine have 1 ring and are classified as______
pyrimidines
(CUT the PY)
147
______groups attach to the nucleotide sugar at the 5 carbon
phosphate
148
5' ______ of one nucleotide connect to the 3' ______ of another nucleotide in nucleic acids
phosphates; hydroxyl
149
bonding between a 5' phosphate and a 3' hydroxyl forms a ______ bond in nucleic acids creating the sugarphosphate backbone
phosphodiester
150
nucleic acids have ______ with a 5' and 3' end
directionality
151
______add to growing nucleic acid polymers
nucleoside triphosphates
152
DNA manifests as a ______, ______ helix
antiparallel; double-stranded
153
purines can only hydrogen bond to______
pyrimidines
154
pyrimidines can only hydrogen bond to______
purines
155
adenine and thymine or uracil pair together via ______hydrogen bonds
2
156
cytosine and guanine pair together via ______ hydrogen bonds
3
157
unlike DNA RNA is usually ______ stranded
single
158
what are the fundamental statements of the modern cell theory
1. All lifeforms have one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic structural functional and organizational unit of life
3. All cells come from other cells (cell division)
4. Genetic information is stored and passed down through DNA
5. An organisms activity is dependent on the total activity of its independent cells
6. Metabolism and biochemistry (energy flow) occurs within cells
7. All cells have the same chemical composition within organisms of similar species
159
does the cell-theory apply to viruses
no - they are not considered living cells
160
the central dogma of genetics states that information flows from ______ to ______ to______
DNA; RNA; proteins
161
an exception to the central dogma of genetics are ______ and ______
reverse transcriptase; prions
162
what is the hypothesis for the creation of the first cell as we know it
the RNA world hypothesis
163
the RNA world hypothesis suggests that self-replicating ______ molecules were the precursor to current life
RNA
