DAT_Bio3_Cellular Energy Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
_____ processes break down large macromolecules into smaller pieces and usually release energy in the form of ATP
A
Catabolic processes break down large macromolecules into smaller pieces and usually release energy in the form of ATP
(think catabolic = cannibalism)
2
Q
_____ processes extract energy from ATP and use it to build larger more complex macromolecules
A
anabolic
3
Q
_____ is a unique type of potential energy where the chemical bonds serve as a store of internal energy U and have the potential to be used to do work
A
chemical energypotential energy has to do with an objects position
4
Q
what is the most common form of nonuseful energy release
A
heat
5
Q
_____ measures a systems useful work performing energy
A
Gibbs free energy G
6
Q
_____ describes a systems energy as it progresses from an initial to final state
A
free energy change ΔG
7
Q
_____ is the energy associated with molecular bond energies
A
enthalpy H
8
Q
change in enthalpy ΔH is the _____ between the initial and final states of a reaction
A
bond energy difference
9
Q
a negative ΔH means that heat is _____ while a positive ΔH implies that heat is _____
A
released absorbed
10
Q
catabolic reactions release free energy _____ so they are an example of an _____ reaction
A
ΔG exergonic
11
Q
reactants initial position contain more internal energy than the products final state in _____ reactions
A
exergonic
12
Q
EXergonic reactions mean that free energy is _____ the system
A
EXiting
13
Q
exergonic reactions are _____
A
spontaneous
14
Q
anabolic reactions absorb free energy _____ so they are an example of an _____ reaction
A
ΔG endergonic
15
Q
reactants initial state contain less internal energy than the products final condition in _____ reactions
A
endergonic
16
Q
endergonic reactions are _____ reactions
A
nonspontaneous
17
Q
if G is _____ the reaction can occur spontaneously
A
negative
18
Q
if G is _____ the reaction is nonspontaneous
A
positive
19
Q
a system with a higher Gibbs free energy is considered _____ stable
A
less
20
Q
a system with a lower Gibbs free energy is considered _____ stable
A
more
21
Q
ATP is an _____ nucleoside triphosphate
A
RNA
22
Q
write the overall chemical formula for aerobic cellular respiration
A
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
23
Q
ATP has 3 phosphates covalently linked to a _____ sugar which also connects to an _____ nitrogenous base
A
ribose; adenine
24
Q
_____ are the bonds found between phosphate groups
A
phosphoanhydride bonds
25
ATP molecules are _____ because the three phosphate groups are all negatively charged and repel each other
unstable
26
_____ is the cellular energy currency
ATP
27
ATP ADP Pi is a _____ reaction
hydrolysis
28
ATP hydrolysis reactions release free energy making them _____ and _____
spontaneous exergonic
29
ADP + Pi -> ATP is a _____ reaction
condensation
30
condensation reactions absorb free energy making them _____ and _______
nonspontaneous endergonic
31
ATP provides energy for all cells by transferring _____ from ATP to another molecule
phosphatereaction coupling
32
_____ links unfavorable reactions with favorable ones as long as the net free energy change ΔG for the two reactions is negative exergonic and spontaneous
reaction coupling
33
_____ make many ATP molecules through cellular respiration
mitochondria
34
where are mitochondria found in a eukaryotic cell
floating in the cytosolas a component of the cytoplasm
35
how many membranes do mitochondria have
2
36
the inner mitochondrial membrane has many infoldings called _____ that increase the surface area
cristae
37
the acidic region between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes is the _____
intermembrane space
38
the intermembrane space between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes is the_____ region
acidic
39
the area deep to the inner mitochondrial membrane is the _____
mitochondrial matrix
40
Human muscle cells myocytes have a high energy requirement so there are many _____ in them
mitochondria
41
Red blood cells erythrocytes function to carry as much oxygen as possible therefore they tend to not contain any _____
mitochondria
42
the mitochondrial matrix contains its own circular _____ and _____
DNA ribosomes
43
the _____ says that the aerobic bacteria became mitochondria while the photosynthetic bacteria became chloroplasts
endosymbiotic theory
44
the endosymbiotic theory says that the aerobic bacteria became _____ while the photosynthetic bacteria became _____
mitochondria chloroplasts
45
aerobic cellular respiration is a sizable _____ pathway that requires _____
catabolic oxygen
46
what are the 4 components of aerobic cellular respiration
glycolysis pyruvate manipulations the Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation
47
the 4 pathways of aerobic cellular respiration work to break _____ into carbon dioxide and water with the generation of _____
glucose ATP
48
the 4 pathways of aerobic cellular respiration work to break glucose into _____ and _____ with the generation of ATP
carbon dioxide water
49
is aerobic cellular respiration overall endergonic or exergonic
exergonic
50
is aerobic cellular respiration overall oxidative or reductive
oxidative
51
_____ converts a sixcarbon glucose molecule into 2 threecarbon compounds called pyruvate
glycolysis
52
glycolysis converts a sixcarbon glucose molecule into _____ threecarbon compounds called _____
2 pyruvate
53
glycolysis does not depend on _____ which is why it can participate in fermentation as well
oxygen
54
In what location of the cell does glycolysis occur
cytosol
55
NADNADH is a _____ organic cofactor
coenzyme
56
glycolysis extracts high energy e as glucose is broken down using them to _____ NAD into NADH which then may travel to the _____ for further ATP creation
reduce electron transport chain ETC
57
glycolysis has 2 main phases an _____ phase and an _____ phase
energy investment energy payoff
58
during glycolysis hexokinase and the free energy released from 1 ATP hydrolysis to trap glucose in the cell as _____
glucose6phosphate
59
during glycolysis isomerase is used to turn glucose6phosphate into _________
fructose6phosphate
60
during glycolysis _____ enzyme and the free energy released from _____ is used to make fructose16bisphosphate
phosphofructokinase 1 ATP hydrolysis
61
what molecule breaks down into 2 G3P molecules
fructose16bisphosphate
62
_________ is an essential regulatory enzyme of glycolysis
phosphofructokinase PFK
63
during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis G3P is oxidized and ____ is reduced
NAD is reduced to NADHmakes 2 NADH 1 for each step 6 that is occurring
64
_____ uses ADP as a direct substrate for its phosphorylation into ATP
substratelevel phosphorylation
65
substratelevel phosphorylation occurs directly in the _____ during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis
cytosol
66
a _____ is an enzyme which phosphorylates a molecule and it is responsible for the ADP phosphorylations of glycolysis
kinase
67
the energy payoff phase produces _____ ATP _____ NADH and _____ pyruvate
4 2 2
68
list the net products of glycolysis from 1 glucose
2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate
69
if glycolysis makes 4 ATP 2 NADH and 2 pyruvates why does glycolysis only produce a net of 2 ATP
need to account for the 2 ATP used during the energy investment phase
70
list what molecules go into glycolysis initially
1 glucose 2 ATP
71
which group of 3 reactions link glycolysis to the rest of cellular respiration
the pyruvate manipulation reactions
72
where do the pyruvate manipulation reactions occur
in the mitochondrial matrix
73
pyruvate manipulations occur in the _____ for prokaryotes because they do not have membranebound organelles
cytosol
74
list the 3 separate reactions of the pyruvate manipulations
1 decarboxylation 2 oxidation 3 add CoA
75
what enzyme catalyzes the pyruvate manipulation reactions
the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PDC
76
the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PDC is composed of _____ enzymes with 1 for each pyruvate manipulation
3
77
during pyruvate decarboxylation pyruvate releases a carbon atom as _____
carbon dioxide
78
during pyruvate oxidation the decarboxylation product is converted to a twocarbon _____
acetyl group
79
pyruvate oxidation is accompanied by the reduction of _____ to _____
NAD to NADH
80
pyruvate oxidation indirectly depends on _____
oxygenregenerates NAD in the ETC
81
after the decarboxylation and oxidation steps of the pyruvate manipulations the remaining acetyl group will bind to _________ and this results in the formation of __________
Coenzyme A CoA acetylCoA
82
list the net products of pyruvate manipulations from one glucose
2 CO₂ 2 NADH 2 acetylCoA
83
where does the Krebs cycle take place in eukaryotes
mitochondrial matrix
84
in prokaryotes the Krebs cycle takes place in the _____
cytosol
85
the Krebs cycle has _____ intermediates and a total of _____ steps
7 8
86
the acetylCoA from the pyruvate manipulations merges with _____ to form citrate
oxaloacetate
87
the acetylCoA from the pyruvate manipulations merges with oxaloacetate to form _____
citrate
88
_____ molecules are _____ by the Krebs cycle for every 1 glucose
2 acetylCoA oxidized
89
_____ cycles of the Krebs cycle occur per glucose
2
90
what is the net production of 1 Krebs cycle
2 CO2 3 NADH 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP ATP
91
what is the net production of 2 Krebs cycles from 1 glucose molecule
4 CO2 6 NADH 2 FADH2 and 2 GTP ATP
92
what is the waste product of the Krebs cycle
CO₂
93
_____ encompasses two linked components the ETC and chemiosmosis
oxidative phosphorylation
94
oxidative phosphorylation encompasses 2 linked components the _____ and _____
ETC chemiosmosis
95
_____ is the mechanism of ATP generation that occurs when energy is stored in the form of a H concentration gradient across a membrane
chemiosmosis
96
the ETC is in the _____ of eukaryotes
mitochondrial inner membranecristae
97
the ETC is in the _____ of prokaryotes
cell membrane
98
e release energy through the ETC which goes toward _____
H pumping
99
the ETC couples the _____ flow of e with the _____ pumping of H across the inner mitochondrial membrane eukaryotes
exergonic endergonic
100
which ETC proteins act as H pumps
complexI III and IV
101
H pumping forms an _____ across the inner membrane eukaryotes
electrochemical gradient
102
the _____ of the mitochondrion is acidic due to the electrochemical gradient from H pumping
intermembrane space
103
describe the physical properties of coenzyme Q CoQubiquinone
a hydrophobic carrier that is dissolved in the mitochondrial innermembrane
104
_____ passes e from complexI and II to complex III in the ETC
coenzyme Q CoQubiquinone
105
describe the physical properties of cytochrome c
a hydrophilic protein carrier in the mitochondrial intermembrane space
106
_____ functions to transport e from complexIII to complexIV of the ETC
cytochrome c
107
NADH pumps _____ across the innermembrane and produces _____ than FADH2
more H more energy ATP
108
when NADH reduces complexI we can expect the pumping of _____ H into the intermembrane space via complexI III and IV
10
109
FADH2 reduces complexII so only about _____ H pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space via complexIII and IV
6
110
NADH produces _____ ATP and FADH2 produces _____ ATP
3 2
111
NADH enters the ETC at _____ while FADH2 enters the ETC at _____
complexI complex II
112
NADH becomes oxidized as it reduces _____
complexI
113
_____ becomes oxidized as it reduces complexII
FADH2
114
e travel from _____ to oxygen producing _____ in the matrix
complexIV water
115
the final e acceptor of the ETC is _____
oxygen
116
in oxidative phosphorylation the energy for ATP synthesis comes from the _____ in the ETC establishing a H gradient that supplies energy to _____
e ATP synthase
117
H travel down their electrochemical gradient through _____
ATP synthase
118
ATP synthase relies upon the _____ of chemiosmosis
H motive force
119
the _____ causes ATP synthase to spin to make ATP
H motive force
120
ATP synthase spins to phosphorylate ADP in the _____ of eukaryotes _____ of prokaryotes
mitochondrial matrix cytosol
121
_____ uses an electrical and pH gradient to make ATP as H shuttles back into the matrix
ATP synthase
122
ATP synthase is in the _____ of eukaryotes _____ for prokaryotes
inner mitochondrial membrane cell membrane
123
_____ H must travel through ATP synthase for 1 ATP molecule to be synthesized
4
124
aerobic respiration is hugely _____
exergonic
125
anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but it uses different _____
e acceptorsstill has glycolysis substrate level phosphoryllationpyruvate manipulations
126
anaerobic respiration usually occurs in the _____ because it occurs mostly in _____
cytosol prokaryotes
127
without O₂ there would be no replenishing of _____ for glycolysis therefore _____ occurs
NAD fermentation
128
alcohol fermentation can occur in _____ _____ and _____
plants fungi bacteria
129
in the first step of alcohol fermentation pyruvate produces _____ and _____
acetaldehyde CO₂
130
in the second step of alcohol fermentation acetaldehyde produces _____ and _____
ethanol NAD
131
in alcohol fermentation _____ is the final e acceptor
acetaldehyde
132
_____ occurs in human muscle cells when oxygen is not available
lactic acid fermentation
133
during lactic acid fermentation pyruvate produces _____ and _____
lactate NAD
134
once an excess amount of ATP is available lactate is transported back to the liver to be converted back to glucose via the _____
Cori cycle
135
what is the main purpose of fermentation
to regenerate NAD so 2 ATP can continue to be made through glycolysis
136
_____ and _____ are anaerobic processes
glycolysis fermentation
137
_____ need oxygen and only respire aerobically
obligate aerobes
138
_____ only use anaerobic respiration because oxygen is poisonous
obligate anaerobes
139
_____ can respire aerobically anaerobically or ferment
facultative anaerobes
140
_____ are similar to obligate aerobes but too much oxygen will kill them
microaerophiles
141
_____ organisms are similar to obligate anaerobes but can live with oxygen
aerotolerant
142
fuel sources from highest to lowest priority _____ _____ _____
carbohydrates fats proteins
143
disaccharides are hydrolyzed into _____ most of which can be converted to glucose or glycolytic intermediates
monosaccharides
144
glucose is not only broken down but also can be produced via _____
gluconeogenesis
145
gluconeogenesis occurs in the _____ and _____
liver kidneys
146
in the first step of gluconeogenesis pyruvate carboxylase turns pyruvate into _____
oxaloacetate
147
pyruvate carboxylase is activated by high levels of _____
acetylCoA
148
glucose is stored in the body as a polymer called _____ in primarily the liver 23and muscles 13
glycogen
149
glucose is stored in the body as a polymer called glycogen in primarily the _____ 23and _____ 13
liver muscles
150
all cells are capable of producing and storing glycogen but only _____ cells and _____ cells have large amounts
liver muscle
151
glycogen is broken down by _____ to enter glycolysis
glycogenolysis
152
_____ store more energy than carbohydrates per carbon as their carbons are in a more reduced state
fats
153
_____ in the lumen of the small intestine the tube itself are broken down via lipases into monoglycerides and fatty acids
triglycerides
154
fats are _____ calsg whereas carbohydrates and protein are _____ calsg
9 4
155
_____ are digestive enzymes that break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols
lipases
156
digesting a triglyceride with a lipase is called _____
lipolysis
157
fats are absorbed at the _____ of the small intestine
enterocyte
158
fats travel from enterocytes to adipocytes via _____ and _____
chylomicrons lacteals
159
large lipoproteins that move lipids from the small intestine to adipose tissues after absorption
chylomicrons
160
low density lipoproteins LDLs have a low density of _____ and a high _____ density unhealthy
proteins fat
161
high density lipoproteins HDLs have a high _____ density and a low _____ density healthy
proteins fat
162
lipases in _____ tissue are hormone sensitive eg to glucagon
adipose
163
between meals most lipids of plasma are in the form of _____
lipoproteins
164
_____ enters glycolysis or gluconeogenesis at the liver
glycerol
165
glycerol is converted into _____ and then enters glycolysis
PGAL
166
_____ is an alternative name for glyceraldehyde 3phosphate G3P
PGAL
167
fatty acids combine with _____ in the blood which carries them
albumin
168
fatty acids are broken down for energy via _____
betaoxidation
169
_____ undergo betaoxidation in the mitochondrial matrix
free fatty acids
170
free fatty acids undergo _____ in the mitochondrial matrix
betaoxidation
171
free fatty acids undergo betaoxidation in the _____
mitochondrial matrix
172
before the fatty acid enters betaoxidation it must be activated _____ ATP molecules are spent activating the entire chain
2
173
an activated fatty acid undergoing betaoxidation is converted into _____ which enters the Krebs cycle
acetylCoA
174
plants and bacteria use a modified version of the Krebs cycle called the _____ cycle that produces sugar from acetylCoA
glyoxylate
175
the _____ is the only instance where acetylCoA can contribute to gluconeogenesis
glyoxylate cycle
176
every _____ carbons from a fatty acid chain make _____ acetylCoA
2 1
177
saturated fatty acids produce _____ NADH and _____ FADH2 for every cut into 2 pieces
1 1
178
unsaturated fatty acids produce _____ less FADH2 for each double bond
1
179
_____ are the least desirable source of energy
proteinsused only when carbohydrates and fats are unavailable
180
_____ removes ammonia molecules directly from amino acids
oxidative deamination
181
most amino acids are deaminated in the _____
liver
182
deaminated amino acids are converted to _____ or _____ or other _____ intermediates
pyruvate acetylCoA Krebs cycle
183
insectsbirdsreptiles convert ammonia to _____ and then excrete it
uric acid
184
mammalssharksmost amphibians convert ammonia to _____ for excretion
urea
185
proteins give _____ kcalgram and can contribute to gluconeogenesis at the _____
4 liver
