DAT_Bio2_Cells and Organelles Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
what are the three main components in a cell membrane
A
phospholipids cholesterol proteins
2
Q
what is the structure of a phospholipid
A
glycerol backbone two fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate group
3
Q
what are the two classes of membrane proteins
A
integral peripheral
4
Q
membrane proteins are embedded in the core of the plasma membrane
A
integral
5
Q
many integral proteins are proteins meaning they extend all the way through the membrane
A
transmembrane
6
Q
integraltransmembrane proteins may function in cell but most tend to transport molecules across the cell membrane
A
signaling large polar (hydrophilic)
7
Q
membrane proteins do not extend through the entire bilayer
A
peripheral
8
Q
what are the three types of peripheral proteins
A
receptors; adhesion proteins; recognition proteins
9
Q
recognition proteins are also known as
A
glycoproteins
10
Q
ligands that bind to a receptor protein and activate its response are called
A
agonists
11
Q
ligands that bind to a receptor and prevent it from activating are called
A
antagonists
12
Q
what are the three main factors that affect membrane fluidity
A
temperature cholesterol the degree of phospholipid tail unsaturation
13
Q
saturated fatty acids have the possible number of hydrogens at each carbon which gives them a shape
A
highest; straight
14
Q
unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more
A
double bonds
15
Q
particles can travel directly across the phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion
A
small, uncharged, nonpolar (hydrophobic)
16
Q
simple diffusion is the flow of substances their concentration gradient in a consuming process
A
down nonenergy
17
Q
does not utilize proteins to help particles across the membrane
A
simple diffusion
18
Q
osmosis is a type of
A
simple diffusion
19
Q
Water is a molecule that can cross the cell membrane via osmosis because it is
A
polar (hydrophilic) small
20
Q
molecules cannot travel directly across the bilayer
A
large hydrophilic
21
Q
describes how large hydrophilic molecules travel across the bilayer by transmembrane proteins
A
facilitated transport
22
Q
what are the three main types of facilitated transport direction
A
uniport symport antiport
23
Q
move 1 molecule in 1 direction
A
uniporters
24
Q
move 2 molecules in the same 1 direction
A
symporters
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move 2 molecules in opposite 2 directions
antiporters
26
what are the two classes of transmembrane proteins involved with facilitated transport
channel; carrier
27
proteins face both the extracellular and intracellular environments of the cell
channel
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channel proteins are like tunnels for many
small polar molecules and ions
29
diffusion describes a type of facilitated transport of particles down their concentration gradient through a protein
passive channel
30
porins and ion channels are membrane proteins that aid diffusion
passive
31
what are aquaporins
particular type of porin that allows water to flow more rapidly than is possible through simple diffusion alone
32
change their shape to facilitate the movement of molecules through the protein
carrier proteins
33
occurs when particles travel against their concentration gradient which requires an energy input
active transport
34
active transport tends to rely upon proteins
carrier
35
what are the two types of active transport
primary secondary
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active transport uses the energy released from ATP hydrolysis
primary
37
the NaK pump is a form of active transport
primary
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the NaK pump moves out of the cell and into the cell with the hydrolysis of 1 ATP
3 Na 2 K
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secondary active transport depends on to generate free energy in the form of a concentration gradient
primary active transport
40
active transport uses free energy to pump other molecules against their concentration gradient
secondary
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is bulk transport of large polar hydrophilic molecules
cytosis
42
what are the two types of cytosis
endocytosis in the cell and exocytosis out of the cell
43
is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs undissolved materials
phagocytosis (cellular eating)
44
phagocytosis forms
vacuoles (phagosomes)
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is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs dissolved materials
pinocytosis (cellular drinking)
46
pinocytosis forms
vesicles
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receptormediated endocytosis forms
vesicles
48
what is exocytosis
process by which materials exit the cell (opposite of endocytosis)
49
organelles are enclosed by a
phospholipid bilayer
50
membranebound organelles are predominately associated with which cell type
eukaryotes
51
the is the aqueous intracellular fluid
cytosol
52
the is everything within the cell fluid and organelles
cytoplasm
53
what is the nucleus
a membraneenclosed organelle that contains most of a eukaryotic cells genetic material
54
do prokaryotes have a nucleus
no they have a nucleoid
55
the nucleus contains an aqueous
nucleoplasm
56
the nucleus has an inner and outer membrane called the
nuclear envelope
57
what is the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes
perinuclear space
58
the is a dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope
nuclear lamina
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the nuclear lamina is made of
intermediate filaments
60
are a type of intermediate filament that make up the nuclear lamina
lamins
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the functions to provide structural support to the nucleus regulate DNA organization DNA replication and cell division
nuclear lamina
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the nuclear envelope has holes called
nuclear pores
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the is a dense region in the nucleus associated with ribosomal subunit assembly
nucleolus
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is the nucleolus an organelle
no it is not membrane bound
65
ribosomal subunits contain and
ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNA proteins
66
eukaryotic ribosomal subunits are made in the and assembled in the
nucleus cytosol
67
what do ribosomes do
function in the synthesis of proteinstranslation
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what is the structure of a eukaryotic ribosome
60S + 40S = 80S
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what is the structure of a prokaryotic ribosome
50S 30S 70S
70
where are ribosomes found
freely in the cytosol or attached to the rough ER
71
ribosomes tend to make proteins that function within the cytosol of the cell
free
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ribosomes that bind to the rough ER will synthesize proteins
into the rough ER lumen
73
the rough ER is continuous with the which means the ER lumen is continuous with the
outer nuclear membrane; perinuclear space
74
what happens to proteins inside the rough ER
they are manipulated
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what is a common manipulation for proteins in the rough ER
glycosylation to make glycoproteins
76
what are the two fates of proteins that enter the lumen of the rough ER
become a part of the cell membrane exocytosis
77
the synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones for export
smooth ER
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in some cells ex liver the functions in the breakdown of toxins and drugs
smooth ER
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the ER is not covered by ribosomes
smooth
80
the smooth ER is usually not attached to the
outer nuclear membrane
81
ERs send vesicles to the
cisface of the Golgi
82
vesicles travel from the to of the Golgi and the vesicle contents are manipulated along the way
cisface transface
83
what is the main function of the Golgi apparatus
directing molecules to their correct locations
84
which organelles break down nutrientsbacteriacell debris
lysosomes
85
lysosomes receive vesicles containing digestive enzymes from the
Golgi apparatus
86
intracellular breakdown of unneededdefective cellular components is called
autophagy
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lysosomes function in when they release their contents into the cell
apoptosis
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which cells have vacuoles
all plants and fungus some animal protist bacteria
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what are the types of vacuoles
transport, food, central, storage, contractile
90
vacuoles move materials from organelle to organelle or from organelles to the plasma membrane
transport
91
vacuoles are temporary food holders that eventually merge with lysosomes for digestion
food
92
central vacuoles have a and exert when filled to maintain plant cell rigidity
tonoplast; turgor
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vacuoles in plants act similarly to lysosomes and storage vacuoles
central
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vacuoles tend to store starches pigments and toxic substances
storage
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vacuoles collect and pump excess water out of singlecelled organisms
contractile
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contractile vacuole use transport
active
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what is the endomembrane system
group of organelles/membranes that work together to modify package and transport proteins and lipids that are entering/exiting a cell
98
what are the components of the endomembrane system
nucleus/nuclear envelope rough and smooth ERs Golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles and cell membrane
99
break down fatty acids and some amino acids also involved with detoxification
peroxisomes
100
alcohol detoxification occurs in the of liver cells
peroxisomes and smooth ER
101
are peroxisomes part of the endomembrane system
no
102
because they are not part of the endomembrane system peroxisomes vesicles from the Golgi apparatus
do not receive
103
peroxisomes generate which can produce reactive oxygen species dangerous
hydrogen peroxide
104
reactive oxygen species can create
free radicals
105
peroxisomes contain an enzyme called which converts dangerous hydrogen peroxide radicals into harmless water
catalase
106
make ATP in all eukaryotes
mitochondria
107
carry out photosynthesis in select eukaryotes
chloroplasts
108
the centrosome is an organelle found near the of animal cells
nucleus
109
a centrosome contains a pair of which work together to serve as during cell division in animal cells
centrioles microtubule organizing centers MTOCs
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the aids in cell structure function and movement in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
cytoskeleton
111
the cytoskeleton is found within the of prokaryoteseukaryotes
cytoplasm
112
what are the three components of eukaryotic cytoskeletons
microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules
113
have the smallest diameter out of the three cytoskeletal components
microfilaments
114
microfilaments are made of a double helix of two filaments
actin
115
the actin monomers of a microfilament have so the microfilaments do too
directionality
116
actin can undergo rapid which makes microfilaments useful for cell movement
assemblydisassembly
117
what are some examples of cellular processes that rely upon microfilaments
amoeboid movement cyclosis cleavage furrow formation muscle contraction
118
intermediate filaments have a diameter the other two cytoskeletal components
between intermediate to
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filaments provide cytoskeletal support for maintaining cell shape and they are also found in the nuclear lamina
intermediate
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intermediate filaments can contain many different types of proteins what is one of the most common
keratin
121
keratin is a protein that concentrates in
skin hair and nails
122
intermediate filaments do not undergo so they are longer lasting
rapid assemblydisassembly
123
have the largest diameter out of the three cytoskeletal components
microtubules
124
microtubules are a hollow tube where the walls of the tube are a helical polymer of
tubulin protein dimers
125
microtubules are similar to microfilaments in the sense that they can grow and shrink
rapidly
126
have directionality so microtubules do too
tubulin dimers
127
what are some of the main functions of microtubules
structural support cell division ciliaflagella
128
what are two types of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells and what powers them
kinesins and dyneins ATP hydrolysis
129
in what directions do kinesins and dyneins transport cargo respectively
kinesins transport toward the plus end of microtubules whereas dyneins transport toward the minus end of microtubules
130
microtubule organizing centers MTOCs are in cells
eukaryotic
131
what do MTOCs develop that is crucial to cell division
the spindle apparatus
132
what are the three main types of spindle apparatus microtubules
kinetochore polar astral
133
are near an animal cells nucleus
centrosomes
134
are specialized cylinders of microtubules that inhabit the centrosome
centrioles
135
each centrosome has a mother and daughter centriole oriented at a
ninetydegree angle
136
each centriole is a hollow cylinder made of
nine triplets of microtubules 9x3 array
137
the centrosome will replicate during to prepare for cell division
S phase of interphase
138
After cell division each daughter cell will have centrosome
1
139
the can form a basal body by attaching to the cell membrane
mother centriole
140
basal bodies are found at the base of each
flagellum and cilium
141
Cilia and eukaryotic flagella have a array
92 array
142
the protein building block of prokaryotic flagella is called
flagellin
143
how are eukaryotic flagella structurally different from prokaryotic flagella
eukaryotic flagella are larger and more complex
144
what powers eukaryotic flagella
ATP hydrolysis
145
what powers prokaryotic flagella
proton gradient
146
which type of motion do eukaryotic flagella produce as compared to prokaryotic flagella
eukaryotic flagella have a bending motion while prokaryotic flagella have a rotary motion
147
the system supports eukaryotic flagellar movement
complex sliding filament
148
of a centrosome is a matrix of proteins that surround the centrioles
pericentriolar material
149
the pericentriolar material is involved with and to the centrosome
microtubule nucleation securing microtubules
150
is the process where several tubulin dimers come together to form a microtubule
microtubule nucleation
151
the primarily functions to provide mechanical support in the area between adjacent animal cells
extracellular matrix ECM
152
are a class of glycoproteins that exist in the ECM between animal cells
proteoglycans
153
the most common fibrous structural protein in the ECM is a protein called
collagen
154
animal cells called will glycosylate collagen before secreting it
fibroblasts
155
glycosylated collagen will form long woven fibers called a major component of the ECM
collagen fibrils
156
which transmembrane protein connects the ECM to cells
integrins
157
are transmembrane proteins that interact with the ECM and signal the cell about its extracellular environment
integrins
158
integrins interact with the ECM to signal for
growthdivisiondifferentiationapoptosis
159
is a protein that connects integrins to the network of proteoglycans and collagen in the ECM
fibronectin
160
fibronectin connections help in the transduction of signals from
the ECM integrins
161
is a protein that behaves similarly to fibronectin found in the basement membrane which integrins attach to
laminin
162
are unique carbohydratebased structures that lie above the cell membrane in certain types of cells that do not make collagen and therefore cannot make an ECM
cell walls
163
cell walls are unique carbohydratebased structures that lie in certain types of cells that do not make collagen and therefore cannot make an ECM
above the cell membrane
164
cell walls are unique carbohydratebased structures that lie above the cell membrane in certain types of cells that do not make and therefore cannot make an
collagen ECM
165
which cell types have cell walls
plants fungi bacteria archea
166
cell walls are similar to animal cell ECMs why
they provide structural support protection and an enhanced degree of filtration
167
do animal cells have a cell wall
no they secrete collagen and make an ECM
168
hard nonliving structural polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of a plant cell
cellulose
169
structural polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi
chitin
170
found in the cell walls of certain bacteria
peptidoglycans
171
form the cell walls in archaea
polysaccharides
172
the is a coat of glycolipids and glycoproteins that covers the surface of bacterial cell walls some animal cell membranes
glycocalyx
173
what are the functions of the glycocalyx
provide adhesive capabilities act as an infection barrier act in cellcell recognition
174
allow the ECM to connect to the cytoskeleton at the interior of an animal cell
cellmatrix junctions
175
what are the two types of cellmatrix junctions
focal adhesions hemidesmosomes
176
are cellmatrix junctions that use actin filaments in the cell
focal adhesions
177
are cellmatrix junctions that use intermediate filaments eg keratin
hemidesmosomes
178
junctions connect adjacent cells
cellcell
179
what are the four main types of cellcell junctions
tight junctions desmosomes adherens junctions gap junctions
180
tight junctions are protein junctions that provide a seal between cells
watertight
181
junctions ensure that materials must enter the cells to pass through the tissue
tight
182
Is a type of cellcell junction that connects neighboring cells via keratin filaments intermediate filament
desmosomes
183
Desmosomes provide support against
mechanical stress
184
is a type of cellcell junction that connect neighboring cells together via actin microfilaments
adherens junctions
185
Adherens junctions are similar in structure and function as
desmosomes
186
anchoring junctions provide and hold cellular structures together
mechanical stability
187
Both adherens junctions and desmosomes are a type of that provides mechanical stability and hold cellular structures together
anchoring junction
188
gap junctions allow for the passage of and small molecules between cells but they prevent the of each cell from mixing
ions cytoplasms
189
what is a common example of human cells that contain gap junctions
heart cells cardiac muscle
190
are small holes in the plasma membrane of cells that make gap junctions
connexons
191
connexons are made up of six membrane proteins called
connexins
192
when a connexon of one cell lines up with a connexon of another cell it creates a
gap junction
193
a is a sticky cement which attaches adjacent plant cell walls to each other
middle lamella
194
are tunnels with tubes between adjacent plant cells that allow for free travel of cytosol between plant cells
plasmodesmata
195
refers to the relative solute concentrations for two solutions that are separated by a semipermeable membrane
tonicity
196
tonicity refers to the relative solute concentrations for two solutions that are separated by a
semipermeable membrane
197
tonicity determines the extent and direction of solvent flow via
osmosis
198
is a simple diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from areas of low to high solute concentration
osmosis
199
osmosis is a simple diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from areas of to solute concentration
low high
200
a low solute concentration also means a water concentration and vice versa
high
201
osmosis makes the solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane
equal
202
solutions are those where the extracellular and intracellular environments have the same solute concentrations
isotonic
203
animal cells prefer environments because they will be in water balance
isotonic
204
if the solute concentration outside a cell were higher it would be called a environment
hypertonic
205
in a environment water will leave the cell via osmosis in an attempt to reduce the solute concentration outside the cell
hypertonic
206
the loss of intracellular fluid in hypertonic environments causes the cell to
shrivel
207
if a cell in a hypertonic environment has a cell wall it will experience
plasmolysis
208
if the solute concentration is lower outside the cell than it is inside the cell the environment is
hypotonic
209
in a environment water will travel via osmosis from the external environment and into the cell
hypotonic
210
animal cells will in hypotonic environments This can eventually cause
swell lysis
211
plant cells prefer environments because the extra water goes into the central vacuole resulting in the normal turgid state
hypotonic
212
what are the two main types of intracellular circulation
brownian motion and cyclosiscytoplasmic streaming
213
what is cyclosisstreaming
circular motion of the cytoplasm around cell transport molecules
214
the provides a channel through the cytoplasm from the plasma membrane to nuclear membrane
endoplasmic reticulum type of intracellular circulation
215
complex animals with cells that are too far from the external environment require a
circulatory system extracellular circulation
216
the circulatory system uses
vessels vasculature
