Data Processing

Question 1

data presentation types

Answer 1

1. Textual presentation
2. Tabular presentation
3. Graphical presentation

Question 2

• describing data by the use of statements with
  few numbers
• presented in paragraphs or sentences.
• explain results and trends and provide
  contextual information.

Answer 2

textual presentation

Question 3

• Data are converted into words or numbers in
  rows and columns.
• note: data should never be put on a table if it can
  be described in 1-2 sentences.

Answer 3

tabular presentation

Question 4

• single table which allows the distribution of
  observations across many
• variables of interest in each study
• Each observation is cross classified across
  variables which may be quantitative or
  qualitative data

Answer 4

master table

Question 5

• complete except for data
• give preview of what table outputs may be
  expected from the study

Answer 5

dummy table

Question 6

• Pictorial representations of certain quantities
  plotted with reference to a set of axes.
• Graphs simplify complex information by using
  images and emphasizing data patterns or trends.
• Useful for summarizing, explaining, or exploring
  quantitative data.
• Present both large and small amounts of data.

Answer 6

graphical presentation

Question 7

types of graphical presentation

Answer 7

• pie chart
• bar graph
• component bar graph
• line graph
• histogram
• frequency polygon
• stem-and-leaf plot
• box plot
• scatter plot

Question 8

• Circles subdivided into a number of slices.
• The area of each slice represents the relative
  proportion data points falling into given
  category.
• Use to show how a whole is divided into its
  component parts which could be breakdowns of
  groups or totals

Answer 8

pie chart

Question 9

• consists of bars of the same sizes.
• horizontal or vertical with gaps between to
  emphasize discontinuities
• also known as 1 dimensional diagram

Answer 9

bar graph

Question 10

types of bar graph

Answer 10

simple bar graph
multiple bar graph

Question 11

• used for qualitative variables
• only shows ‘how much’

Answer 11

horizontal bar graph

Question 12

used for discrete quantitative variables

Answer 12

vertical bar graph

Question 13

• Each bar is divided into smaller rectangles
  representing the parts.
• The area of each smaller rectangle is
  proportional to the relative contribution of the
  component to the whole.
• generally used for nominal data
• different shades or colors can be applied to the
  components to emphasize differences between
  parts of the whole.
• preferable over the pie in situations where the
  compositions of two or more groups are to be
  compared.

Answer 13

component bar graph

Question 14

• plot of dots joined with lines over some period
  of time in sequential series.
• time series chart
• horizontal axis: time series
• vertical axis: variable values
• usually used for predicting trends/studying previous trends

Answer 14

line graph

Question 15

• bar is used to depict number or relative
  frequencies of data points falling into the given
  class.
• bars are drawn over the true limits of the
  classes, no gaps exist in between.
• horizontal axis: continuous quantitative.
• vertical axis: number of relative frequencies.
• preferred for grouped interval data

Answer 15

histogram

Question 16

• Similar to histogram except that:
  o frequencies are plotted against the
  corresponding midpoints of the classes.
  o adjacent points are joined with lines
  and the plot is tied down to the
  horizontal axis resulting in multi-sided polygon

Answer 16

frequency polygon

Question 17

• primarily for small sets of data.
• provides rank-ordered lists and it’s easier to
  restore the original value of the observation.
• lines give more information than bars in
  histogram.
• used to show the actual data value instead of
  using bars to represent the height of an interval.

Answer 17

stem and leaf plot

Question 18

• shows description of a large quantitative data.
  o include center, spread, shape, tail
  length, and outlying data points.
• can be presented horizontal or vertical.
• The height of rectangle is arbitrary and has no specific meaning.
• used for comparing the distributions of several variables or
• distribution of a single variable in several groups on the same scale

Answer 18

box plot

Question 19

• shows the relationship between two
  quantitative variables.
• gives rough estimate of the type and degree of
  correlation between the variables

Answer 19

scatter plot