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Flashcards in Dates and events Deck (27)
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1
Q

1500s

A

Ambrose Pare starts using silk ligatures and metal clips to tie blood vessels instead of cauterisation.

This is less painful, but can introduce infection into the wounds and have to be tied correctly or else the patient still bleeds

2
Q

1670

A

Human-animal blood transfusions made illegal due to high mortality rate

They can stop blood loss in this time period; tourniquets, ligatures and cauterisation, but they can’t replace it; which led to deaths from blood loss

3
Q

1799

A

Nitrous oxide discovered to have anaesthetic properties by Humphrey Davy

This is the first to make you less aware of pain.
But it doesn’t make patients unconscious - limits the impact (mainly used recreationally by upper classes)

4
Q

1845

A

Horace Wells uses Nitrous Oxide in a public demonstration

5
Q

1846

Anesthetics

A

Ether discovered by William Morton
It is the first anesthetic to make patients completely unconscious.
However, it irritates the eyes and throat, causes vomiting, smells bad, caused a deep sleep which could last for days and was flammable

1846; Ether used by John Collins Warren (US) and Robert Liston (UK)

6
Q

1847

A

James Simpson discovers the anesthetic qualities of chloroform.
He wanted a better alternative than ether for use in childbirth

It is great since it doesn’t have any of the side effects of ether but can affect the heart

7
Q

1846

Infection

A

Semmelweiss; doctor
Notices women on wards ran by midwives were 50% less likely to contract sepsis than those on wards run by medical students.

Medical students often attended births straight after dissecting cadavers, he thought this was linked so put bowls of chlorinated water around the hospitals are instructed med students to wash their hands

The death rate fell but Semmelweiss was fired as he was seen as arrogant, the chlorinated water smelt and it was effort. Also he couldn’t explain why he was doing this

8
Q

1848

A

Hannah Greener dies during an operation; scares people

9
Q

1849

A

Lancet publish a letter saying pain is a blessing from God

10
Q

1853

A

Queen Victoria uses chloroform whilst giving birth helping the public to accept it

The hypodermic needle invented; useful in administering measured dosages of drugs and later in blood transfusions

11
Q

Black period of surgery

A

1847-1867
With patients unconscious surgeons attempt more complex invasive surgeries, these lead to people mor getting infections and dying

12
Q

1861

A

Louis Pasteur publishes his germ theory

This says that germs cause infections and can be killed by heat. Not proved until 1864

13
Q

1867

A

Lister links infection and germs.
Decides to try and use carbolic acid as an antiseptic , testing it on a small boy with a compound fracture; the boys leg heals cleanly and Lister starts using carbolic acid as an antiseptic

He later announces that no-one had died from blood poisoning on his wards for 9 months

14
Q

1878

A

Steam sterilizer invented by Robert Koch

Helps contribute to an aseptic environment

15
Q

1880s

A

Operating theaters and hospitals start to be regularly cleaned

First appendix removals

16
Q

1889

A

Halsted and rubber gloves

17
Q

1901

A

Karl Landsteiner discovers blood groups

People understand in order for transfusions to occur blood groups need to match

18
Q

1907

A

First successful blood transfusion using blood typing; Reuben Ottenberg

19
Q

1914

A

World War One starts.
Soldiers die from blood loss even if there wounds are not fatal since there are’t the blood/donors available.

War acts as a catalyst to solve this issue

Petite Curie, Triage system and medical records brought into use during the war

20
Q

1915

A

Richard Lewisohn discovers sodium citrate can be used to stop blood clotting

21
Q

1916

A

Blood stored in refrigerated conditions

Rous and Tuner; citrate glucose

Donors no longer need to be present for donations to go ahead

22
Q

1916

A

Gilles sets up a plastic surgery unit at Aldershot

23
Q

1917

A

Battle of Cambrai; fist blood depot.
It carried only type O.
Whenever a big battle was going to take place there would be a call for blood donations from the public

24
Q

1887

A

From 1887, all instruments were steam-sterilised. Koch

developed the steam steriliser in 1878

25
Q

1853

A

John Snow develops an inhaler which regulates the dosage and makes it safer

26
Q

1869

A

Cat gut ligatures introduced by Lister to replace silk ligatures since cat gut absorbs carbolic acid

27
Q

1897

A

Lister made a baron