david pye lecture three

Question 1

in 1900-1940 tb rates decreased in the us and western europe before tb drugs were available. why was this ?

Answer 1

there was better nutrition
less crowded housing
public health efforts (early diagnosis and limiting transmission to close contacts)
tb sanatoria
surgery

Question 2

a person with latent tb infection is … to someone with tb disease

Answer 2

different

Question 3

a person with latent tb infection …

Answer 3

has a small amount of tb germs in their body that are alive but inactive
cant spread tb germs to others
dont feel sick, but may become sick if the germs become active in their body
usually have a positive tb skin test or tb blood test, indicating infection
should consider treatment for latent tb infection to prevent tb disease

Question 4

a person with tb disease has …

Answer 4

a large amount of active tb germs in their body
can spread tb germs to others
may feel sick and have symptoms such as a cough, fever and/or weight loss
usually has a positive tb skin test or tb blood test indicating infection
needs treatment for tb disease

Question 5

can an untreated latent b infection lead to tb disease ?

Answer 5

yes. this is ecause if the immune system cant stop tb germs from growing, they become active (multiplying in your body ). this is called tb disease

Question 6

what are the two types of test which can be used to diagnose tb infection ?

Answer 6

tbblood test and the tb skin test
-if either test is positive, further tests are carried out to confirm a diagnosis of tb disease .
this will include things like a medical examination or a chest x-ray

Question 7

how many visits are required for the tb skin test ?

Answer 7

2
on the first visit the test is placed
on the second visit the test is read

Question 8

can people vaccinated with bcg (vaccine for tb disease) still get tb disease ?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

what is the bcg vaccine ?

Answer 9

this is a vaccine for tb disease and is often given to infants and small children in countries where tb is more common.
this protects against severe forms of tb in children

Question 10

whats the difference between MDR-TB and XDR-TB ?

Answer 10

mdr-tb is a form of tb which is caused by bacteria that doesnt respond to the two most powerful anti-tb drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin)
edr-tb is a form of multi drug resistant tb that responds to even fewer available medicines. this includes the most effective second-line anti-tb drugs

Question 11

is drug resistant tb a man made problem ?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

how do xdr-tb come about ?

Answer 12

a person will be infected with tb which is already drug resistant and during their treatment the drug resistance develops even more

Question 13

how is the risk of getting tb increased in people with hiv ?

Answer 13

hiv weakens the immune system and so this increases the risk of getting tb

Question 14

how would someone get rabies ?

Answer 14

it is transmitted to people through saliva when they are bitten by infected animals such as dogs or bats

Question 15

what is HIV ?

Answer 15

hiv is when the virus attacks a person’s immune cells and weakens the immune system over time, making it very difficult for the infected individual to fight off other diseases

Question 16

how are mosquito borne viruses spread ?

Answer 16

they are spread through a bite of an infected mosquito

Question 17

what is rotavirus ?

Answer 17

rotavirus is a viral infection that can cause gastroenteritis . this is an infection of the gut (intestines ) which usually causes symptoms of being sick (vomiting) and diarrhea

Question 18

what are the prevention and treatment options for infectious disease ?

Answer 18

antibiotics and vaccinations

Question 19

what do antibiotics do ?

Answer 19

these will attack existing bacterial infections only.
resistance is observed rapidly

Question 20

what do vaccinations do ?

Answer 20

these prepare an immune system in advance of a viral (usually) or bacterial infection
dead or inactive parts of the pathogen or synthetic

Question 21

why are antibiotics a limited resource ?

Answer 21

this is because we have a growing rate of resistance, inapprpriate use and decreasing pipeline of new antibiotics

Question 22

what are antibiotic resistant bacteria ?

Answer 22

bacteria that mutate and are able to resist the antibiotics that are meant to kill them .
this is a normal process speeded up by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics

Question 23

what are examples of antibiotic misues ?

Answer 23

taking antibiotics when they are not needed-for viral infections
stopping the medicine when you feel better-not finishing the prescription
saving antibiotics for a future ilness
sharing or using someone elses medicine

Question 24

why is antibiotic misuse a problem ?

Answer 24

antibiotics become less effective and may not work the next time you use them
the improper use of antibiotics leads to more antibiotic resistant bacteria.
antiobiotic resistant bacteria can be spread through out the community and from person to person .

Question 25

antibiotic resistant bacteria need ...

Answer 25

stronger antibiotics are more common in people who have recently used antibiotics can be spread within a family or community can affect anyone are becoming more common