nutrition and pharmacology

Question 1

what is malnutrition ?

Answer 1

this is the lack of a specific dietary requirement. low levels of minerals, vitamins and trace elements will cause specific problems

Question 2

what is malabsorption ?

Answer 2

when a person is getting the nutrients they need from their diet, but they are not being taken into systemic circulation . this can be due to them not being broken down, or the products of the breakdown are not absorbed .

Question 3

what does efficient absorption require ?

Answer 3

the stomach and pancrease for digestion.
the small intestine for absorption

Question 4

what are the indicators that the stomach, pancreas or small intestine is diseased ?

Answer 4

weight loss and diarrhoea

Question 5

what is water loss ?

Answer 5

when more water goes out than what went in

Question 6

what is water retention ?

Answer 6

when more water goes in than out

Question 7

molecules that dissolve well in water are …

Answer 7

hydrophillic

Question 8

molecules that dissolve poorly in water are …

Answer 8

hydrophobic

Question 9

water is a … solvent

Answer 9

polar

Question 11

where can water be found ?

Answer 11

can be found in :
the intracellular fluid - inside the cells

or extracellulary in :
plasma
interstitial fluid - between the cells

Question 12

what is fibre ?

Answer 12

is the indigestible portion of plants and therefore it is non-nutritive

Question 13

where is insoluble fibre found ?

Answer 13

in bran, whole-grain breads, most fruits and vegetables

Question 14

where is soluble fibre found ?

Answer 14

in oat bran, dried beans, some fruits and vegetables

Question 15

what are the three macronutrients ?

Answer 15

carbohydrates, proteins and fats .

Question 16

Proteins are converted by oligopeptides to …

Answer 16

Amino acids by digestion

Question 17

Fats are hydrolysed to …

Answer 17

Fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides and glycerol

Question 18

What are the two types of carbohydrate ?

Answer 18

Simple sugars and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

Question 19

Examples of simple sugars are …

Answer 19

Glucose (monosaccharide)-most common form
Fructose (monosaccharide)-found in fruits and berries
Sucrose (disaccharide)-sources include granulated sugar, milk and milk products

Question 20

Examples of complex carbohydrates are …

Answer 20

Starches - from flour, pasta and potatoes
Fiber

Question 21

Starch is broken down into glucose in …

Answer 21

The small intestine

Question 22

How do monosaccharides get into the blood stream ?

Answer 22

Oligosaccharides are broken down by pancreatic amylase to form disaccharides. These are broken down into monosaccharides by their enzyme. Monosaccharides enter the enterocytes and once they pass this they enter the blood stream. This goes to the liver

Question 23

What do proteins do ?

Answer 23

Transport oxygen and nutrients
Role in developing/repairing bone, muscle and skin
Vital for human life
-may need more if fighting infection, recovering from surgery,blood loss or burns

Question 24

The monomers that make up a protein are …

Answer 24

Amino acids

Question 25

In digestion, enzymes from the … and … break down proteins into …

Answer 25

Stomach Intestine Amino acids

Question 26

Amino acids are absorbed into …

Answer 26

Systemic circulation Used by body to make more proteins

Question 27

Fats is also called …

Answer 27

Lipids

Question 28

What does fat do ?

Answer 28

Maintains healthy skin, insulates the body’s organs, maintain body temperature, promote healthy cell function, carry fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and are a concentrated form of energy .

Question 30

most dietary fat is ...

Answer 30

triglyceride

Question 31

what are the water soluble vitamins ?

Answer 31

thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), pyroxidine (b6), b12, ascorbic acid (c), niacin and folic acid

Question 32

what are the fat soluble vitamins ?

Answer 32

a, d, e and k

Question 33

what are some examples of macronutrients ?

Answer 33

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorous and chlorine gram quantities per day are required

Question 34

what are some examples of micronutrients ?

Answer 34

selenium, manganese, chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, molybdenum and zinc

Question 35

a definciency in a trace element/micronutrient can be detected using ...

Answer 35

can be easily detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy (if deficiency is suspected )

Question 36

micronutrient deficiencies can cause ...

Answer 36

more severe illnesses, more infant and maternal deaths, lower cognitive development, stunted growth, lower work productivity, lower gdp and high population growth rates

Question 37

bioavailability is ...

Answer 37

the proportion of the drug (or other substance) which enters the circulation when introduced into the body

Question 38

most staple plants foods such as ... and ... fed alone contain very low levels of bioavailable fe because of the antinutrients they contain - phytate and polyphenols

Answer 38

cereal grains and legume seeds

Question 39

what food components are non-nutritive but beneficial for us ?

Answer 39

antioxidants, prebiotics and probiotics and omega-3 faty acids

Question 40

lipases break down triglyceride to give ... ... of ... ... which are absorbed and used to produce ...

Answer 40

3 molecules fatty acid energy