infectious diseases

Question 1

what is an infection ?

Answer 1

a harmful invasion and spread of foreign species, or pathogen, in a host.

Question 2

examples of viruses are …

Answer 2

small pox, measles, influenza and ebola

Question 3

example of a prion disease is …

Answer 3

cow’s disease

Question 4

example of bacteri caused illnesses are …

Answer 4

tuberculosis, pneumonia, salmonella and anthrax

Question 5

examples of fungus’s are …

Answer 5

athlete’s foot and ring worm

Question 7

examples of a disease caused by protists are …

Answer 7

malaria, toxoplasmosis and algae

Question 8

are viruses considered living or non-living ?

Answer 8

non-living

Question 9

what are the two parts of a virus ?

Answer 9

capsid-protein coat
a nucleic acid-dna or rna

Question 10

what is the function of a virus ?

Answer 10

they reproduce in cells

Question 11

what is the method of viruses ?

Answer 11

they hijack a living host cell and use it’s cellular machinery to replicate and build new virus particles

Question 12

how are viral infections diagnosed ?

Answer 12

diagnosis is done by virus isolation , ELISA and PCR testing. a decrease in lymphocytes can also indicate a viral infection

Question 13

do antibiotics have any affect on viruses ?

Answer 13

no, antibiotics kill bacteria, and therefore have no effect on viruses

Question 14

are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes ?

Answer 14

all bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular

Question 15

what are the symptoms of a bacterial infection ?

Answer 15

it depends on the type of bacteria but can include fever, pain, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, formation of pus, and even abortion

Question 16

how can we identify the bacterial pathogen ?

Answer 16

body fluids can be sampled and cultured to grow and identify the bacterial pathogen

Question 17

what is the usual treatment for bacterial infections ?

Answer 17

antibiotics however, treatment can vary

Question 18

can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics ?

Answer 18

yes, bacteria adapts quickly and so they may become resistant to antibiotics

Question 19

what is fungi ?

Answer 19

fungi is a decomposer that occasionally doesnt wait until an organism is dead to feed on it

Question 20

are fungal infections on the surface or invasive ?

Answer 20

fungal infections are mostly on the surface/epidermal, however, despite it being rare, some become invasive

Question 21

what is protozoa ?

Answer 21

protozoa are unicellular animal-like protists

Question 22

how to protozoa reach the host ?

Answer 22

many protozoa have insect vectors which will transmit pathogens from one host to another

Question 23

what group do flatworms belong to ?

Answer 23

platyhelminthes

Question 24

what are some examples of platworms ?

Answer 24

tape worms, flukes (liver fluke) and schistosoma

Question 25

what are roundworms ?

Answer 25

roundworms are nematodes that range in size from macroscopic to microscopic

Question 26

what area do parasitic roundworms inhabit the most ?

Answer 26

they inhabit the intestines of host organisms

Question 27

what is a prion ?

Answer 27

a prion is an infectious particle (not a cell) made from an abnormally folded protein found on the surface of nerve cells

Question 28

what are prions resistant to ?

Answer 28

prions are highly resistant to heat, radiation and disinfectant

Question 29

what can prions cause ?

Answer 29

they are known for causing mad-cow disease and can also cause some forms of alzheimer-disease

Question 30

prions can form holes in brain tissue making the brain look like cheese. true or false

Answer 30

true

Question 31

how do infectious diseases cause disease ?

Answer 31

producing poisons such as toxins and enzymes which destroy cells and tissues direct invasion and destruction of host cells triggering responses from the host's immune system, leading to disease signs and symptoms

Question 32

what is patient "zero" ?

Answer 32

the first case identified

Question 33

what is the primary case ?

Answer 33

the case that brings the infection into a population

Question 34

what is the secondary case ?

Answer 34

the secondary case if the one infected by the primary case

Question 35

what is the tertiary case ?

Answer 35

the one infected by the secondary case

Question 36

what are the three routes of transmission ?

Answer 36

direct, indirect and through a vector

Question 38

what are examples of direct transmission ?

Answer 38

skin-skin mucous-mucous across placenta through breat milk sneeze-cough

Question 39

what are examples of indirect transmission ?

Answer 39

food-borne water-borne air-borne

Question 40

what are examples of transmission by vector ?

Answer 40

a carrier of an infectious agent e.g. malaria parasite carried by a mosquito

Question 41

what are the 5 phases of infectious disease ?

Answer 41

incubation period prodromal phase clinical phase decline phase recovery phase

Question 42

what is the incubation period ?

Answer 42

the time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms

Question 43

what is the prodromal phase ?

Answer 43

mild, nonspecific symptoms that signal onset of some diseases

Question 44

what is the clinical phase ?

Answer 44

a person experiences typical signs and symptoms of a disease

Question 45

what is the decline phase ?

Answer 45

subsidence of symptoms

Question 46

what is the recovery phase ?

Answer 46

symptoms have disappeared, tissue heals and the body regains strength

Question 48

what are the three classifications of infectious disease ?

Answer 48

duration, location and timing

Question 49

the classification "by duration" includes ...

Answer 49

acute-develops and runs its course quickly chronic-develops more slowly and is usually less severe but persists for a long time latent-characterized by periods of no symptoms between outbreaks of illness

Question 50

the classification "by location" includes ...

Answer 50

local-confined to a specific area of the body systemic-a generalized illness that infects most of the body with pathogens distributed widely in tissues

Question 51

the classification "by timing" includes ...

Answer 51

primary-initial infections in a previously healthy person secondary-infection that occurs in a person weakened by a primary infection

Question 52

what is epidemiology ?

Answer 52

in the case of infectious disease, epidemiology is used to classify the type of disease outbreak

Question 53

what does sporadic mean ?

Answer 53

ocassional occurrence

Question 54

what does endemic mean ?

Answer 54

cases in a region are regular and often

Question 55

what is an epidemic ?

Answer 55

unusually high number of cases inn a region

Question 56

what is a pandemic ?

Answer 56

a global epidemic

Question 57

what is the basic reproduction number ?

Answer 57

this is the number of cases transmitted by a single infected person

Question 58

what are cytokines ?

Answer 58

these are a group of small proteins secreted by specific immune cells that function as signalling molecules, mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation