Day 1 Flashcards by Zed D

A type of bonding that occurs when valence electrons are shared in an extended way

metallic bonding

primary bonding - chemical bonding
1. ionic - exchange of valence electron (most common) may ….
2. covalent - sharing in intimate way (1 on 1 relationship)
ie C=C between diamond (pbeq)
3. metallic - sharing in extended way (parang poly, sharing for everyone)

secondary bonding - physical/intermolecular bonding
1. hydrogen bond
2. vanderwaals bond

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it is defined as the smallest repeating structure in a crystal

unit cell

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Which type of solid lacks long-range

amorphous solids

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2 types of solids

crystalline
amorphous

crystalline - perfect solid
amorphous - pseudo solid/ supercooled liquid
ie glass
may another meaning pa si sir

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The unique three-dimensional arrangement of lattice points are known as ____, the ocmbination of crystal structure and crystal system

Bravais Lattices

7 crystal systems, 14 bravais lattices

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pbeq

The number of atoms per unit cell in a body-centered cubic structure

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pbeq

What kind of cubic is diamond?

FCC

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What is the coordination number of atoms in a simple cubic structure?

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Calculate the Atomic Packing Factor (APF) of body-centered cubic structure

0.6802

APF = V atoms / V unit cell

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If the atomic radius of lead is 0.75 nm, claculate the volume of its unit cell in cubic meters

1.21 x 10^-28

Lead - FCC
V = ao^3
ao = 4R/sq2

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The defect which takes place due to imperfect packing of atoms during crystallization is known as

point defect

point defect ( single atom )

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types of defects

point defect (single atom)
linear defect (row of atoms)
planar / interfacial defect (planes of atoms)
bulk defect (volume or bulk)

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The formation of cation/anion vacancy clusters such that the crystal remains electrically neutral

Schottky

Schottky - partner of cation and anion ?
Frenkel defect - divalent positive ion

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When a divalent cation replaces 2 monovalent etc

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a linear or one-dimensional defect around which some of the atoms are misaligned

dislocation

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types of dislocation

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The ability of a material to absorb energy in the elastic range

resilience

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The ability of material to absorb energy in the plastic and elastic range ?

toughness

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The maximum stress that can be sustained by a structure in tension. This is the maximum point in the engineering stress-strain diagram

tensile strength

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This mechanical property may be expressed as either percent elongation or percent reduction in area

ductility

measured in %elengation = lf-lo / lo or %RA = Ao - Af / Ao

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What is the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain called?

Poisson’s Ratio

v = - Ex or Ey / Ez
E = 2G (1+v)
E youngs
G shear

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The main reason ceramics are brittle is because of their bonding

Ionic and Covalent Bonds

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What type of chemical bond is primarily found in polymers like polyethylene

covalent bonds

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Themoplastics can be described as polymers that

can be remelted and reshaped multiple times

Thermoset - di ma reheat hard na agad ie resisns, epoxy

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Stainless steel resists corrosion mainly because of the presence of

Chromium | when Cr is added to O2 it forms a thin layer and amuna ga resist

# pbeq Which factor directly affects the thermal conductivity of a metal?

the number of valence electrons

Which of the following materials typically exhibits high hardness and low ductility

ceramics

Which structure type is generally stronger in fiber - reinforced composite?

anisotropic ## Footnote isotropic same properties in all directions ir pure metals anisotropic iba iba ie wood, graphite

What is the primary reinforcement material in carbon fiber composites?

Graphite | reinforcement provides strength and thickness? matrix - binds? ie polym?

# pbeq Which metal is most commonly used as a matrix in metal matrix composites?

Aluminum

Which process is used to improve the mechanical properties of metals through controlled heating or cooling?

Annealing

Doping silicon with phosphorus results in a

n-type semiconductor | doping? adding of electrons silicon is pure conductor so ga dope ## Footnote n type (-) - add Phosphorus and As p type (+) - add Boron and Ga

In stir casting, what is added into the molten metal matrix?

Reinforcement

# pbeq What is the name of this compount CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO

Pentanal | CHO so aldehyde tas 5 carbons

# pbeq Which type of hydrocarbon contains triple bond

alkyne

# pbeq What do you call this functional group: C=O

carbonyl

# pbeq Which of the folling compounds has the highest heat of hydrogenation ethene propene 2-methylpropene trans-2-butene

2-methylpropene heat of hydro is applicable for alkenes? | if unstable high heat of hydro ## Footnote (a) CH2=CH2 (b) H2C = CH-CH3 (c) (CH3)2C=CH2 (crowded so unstable) (d) CH3-CH=CH-CH3

# pbeq Which of the folloing rxns produces an ester? CH3COOH + CH

| ester water + ester ang prod

# pbeq What type of reaction is esterification

synthesis

# pbeq What do you call the isomers where constituents are opposite of the double bond?

trans | trans - opposite cis - same side

# pbeq What kind of isomerism does cis and trans?

geometric isomerism | optical isomerism - ?

# pbeq What is the importance of cis/trans isomerism in drugs

# pbeq How many possible stereoisomers exist for a molecule with three chiral centers?

8 n = chiral center | 2^n

# pbeq Why chirality is important in drug manufacturing??

# pbeq Which of the following pairs of sterioisomers are diastereomers, not enantiomers? (RR) and (SS) RS and SS RS and SR RR and RR

RS and SS?

# pbeq What is the hybridization of oxygen atom in dimethyl ether

sp3 sp2 - ? sp - ? | sp3 - tetrahedral - 4 regions

# pbeq In a nucleophiloc addition reaction to a carbonyl group, what typically acts as the nucleophile?

hydroxide ion

# pbeq which hydrocarbon has a vapor density of 29 relative to hydrogen butene pentane pentene butane

butane | P directly propor to MW pHC/pH2 = MW/2 20 ??

Which of the following contains a carbonyl group? alcohol alkane ketone ether?

ketone

Which compound hsa both a carbonyl and hydroxyl group on the same carbon

carboxylic acid

ethers are characterized by what functional group?

R-O-R'

Which compound is a primary amine? CH3CH3NH3 (CH3)2NH (CH3)3N CH3CONH2

CH3CH3NH3 ## Footnote primary - RNH - 1 alkyl group attached to NH3 secondary - RNHR' tertiary - RN(R')R'

Which of the ff represents secondary alcohol CH3CH2OH CH3CHOHCH3 (CH3)3COH CH3OH

CH3CHOHCH3 ## Footnote primary - R-CH2-OH secondary - R-CH(OH)-R' tertiary - R-C(OH)-R'-R''

What type of hybridization is found in carbon-carbon double bonds

sp2 | triple bond - ?

What type of reaction is the conversion of ethene to ethane

addition | addition of H2

The reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol...

esters

Two compounds with the same molecular formula but different 3D arrangement

stereoisomers

A molecule that rotates plane-polerized light

chiral

What kind of rxn is Friedel-Crafts alkylation?

A Grignard reagent reacts with CO2 to form

carboxylic acid ## Footnote grignard formula Rmgx? 1. Rmgx + aldelhyde/ketone -> alcohol 2. Rmgx + CO2 -> carboxylix acid

A molecule with one chiral center can have a maximum of how many stereo?

A molecule that is superimposable on its mirror image

meso | meso - has chiral center but achiral overall?

enantiomers are

stereoisomers that are mirror images | like hands

What type of isomerism is seen in glucose and galactose

diastereomerism

What is the configuration of a chiral center with priorities arranged clockwise and lowest priority in the back?

| R - clockwise - right - lowest prio? S - counterclockwise - left

Which of the ff compounds can exhibit cis-trans isomerism 2-butene

Which type of stereoisomerism is onvolbed in the drug thalidomide's differeng effect on the body

enantiomers

# pbeq What is the primary energy storage molecule in animals?

glycogen

# pbeq What primarily composes the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria

Peptidoglycan

# pbeq What is the main product of the Krebs cycle that is used in the elctron transport chain?

NADH and FAD

# pbeq Which cellular structure is responsible for translating mRNA into an amino acid sequence during protein synthesis

ribosomes

# pbeq Where in the cell is genetic material is primarily found

nucleus

# pbeq What technology is used for gene modification

CRISPR

# pbeq Which application would most likely use CRISPR CAS9 technology

targeted gene editing to correct genetic mutations | CAS9 - CRISPR associated?

# pbeq What enzyme is used when creating another strand of the DNA

DNA polymerase

# pbeq Which technology is used for DNA finger printing

restriction length?

# pbeq Which technique is used to analyze and confirm a

southern blotting

What is the first product formed in the Krebs cycle?

citric acid

Which biomolecule serves as the main currency of the cell

Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis

Which of the ff is an essential amino acid alanine glycine lysine tyrosine

lysine | P20-13 mga amino acids

Which biomolecule stores genetic info?

DNA

The process of converting glucose to pyruvate is known as

glycolysis | happens in cytoplasm? gluconeogenesis - non carb are converted to glucos

What is the role of insulin?

decrease blood sugar | glyconeogenesis

What type of bond holds two strands of DNA together

hydrogen bond

Which lipoprotein is considered "good cholesterol"

HDL high density lipoprotein | HDL -healthy LDL - lousy

Which process sythesizes glocose from non-carbohydrate precursors

gluconeogenesis

...

What is the

oxaloacetate

What is the role of the Cas9 protein in CRISPR

cuts DNA at a target sequence guided by RNA

What does CRISPR stand for?

Clustered regularly interspaved short palindomic r

The Cas9 protein ...

Southern blotting is a technique used to detect

DNA fingerprint

# pbeq What enzyme is used to cut DNA before southern blotting

restriction endonuclease

The first step in DNA

DNA ex

A major difference between PCR and Southern blotting is that

PCR - makes million of coppies of spc dna blotting - detects dna

# pbeq Which organism is commonly used in industrial fermentation

Saccharomysaes cerivisiae | dunno spelling

What is golden rice engineered to produce

vitamin A | orange

What is the end product of transcription

RNA? | transcription - making rna from dna

Micropropagation is used for

The term "knock out"

In gene therapy, an "ex vivo" method means

editing occurs outside the body and modified cells are transplated | outside body - modify sa gwa then butang after in vivo - inside etc

# pbeq For an enzyme that displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the reactuin velocity (as a fraction of Vmax) observed at [S] = 2 KM will be

0.67 | michaelis-menten E7 around 150

# pbeq - indiabix An enzyme is assayed at an initial substrate concentration of 2x10^-5 M. In 6-minute, hald life of the substrate is used. The Km

0.1155 / min

# pbeq - indiabix A continuous reactor has a dilution rate of 0.5 h^-1. Its residence time would be

2 | t = 1/D

# pbeq - indiabix A fed-batch reactor containing 2 liter of medium and 0.1 g/L of biomass is fed with a medium containing 1 g/L of substrate at 1 liter per hour. If after 10 hours, the concentration of biomass in the reactor was 0.2 g/L, then the biomass produced during the 10-hour period is

2.2 g

# pbeq The Monod Model relates

specific growth rate etc

# pbeq - nov, 2024 Turbidostat is recommended when continuous fermentation needs to be carried out at

high dilution rates near the washout point

# pbeq - nov, 2024 in plug flow,

Day 1 Flashcards

concepts (115 cards)