Day 1 Flashcards by Brittani Mckinney

Define Hematology.

science or study of blood

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What is the total volume of blood in an adult and what is it’s composition?

6 liters ; 45% formed elements (erythrocytes,leukocytes, thrombocytes) 55% plasma

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what is plasma composed of ?

Water
Proteins
Carbohydrates 
Vitamins
Hormones
Enzymes 
Lipids
Salts

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What is the major function on erythrocytes?

Transport oxygen to tissues; collect CO2 from tissues to be exhaled as waste product

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What is the life span on RBCs?

120 days

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List the 5 types of Leukocytes

Neutrophils 
Basophils 
Eosinophils 
Lymphocytes 
Monocytes

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What is the major function of monocytes?

Engulf bacteria and large materials; interacts w/ lymphs in process of antigen “infections”

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Major function of lymphocytes?

Responsible for antibody production

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Major function of Eosinophils?

Phagocytize antigen- antibody reactants ; increased in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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What is the major function of granulocytes?

Phagocytize bacteria and other microscopic material which are incorporated into cell vacuoles

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Platelets are also called ____________, which are fragments of _________________.

Thrombocytes; megakaryocytes

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What is the life span of platelets?

10days

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What is the major function of thrombocytes?

Hemostasis( clotting of blood)

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what organ does the left pump send blood to?

Peripheral organs

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What organ does the right pump send blood to?

The lungs

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Functions principally as an entryway to the ventricle, but also pumps weakly to move blood into the ventricle

Atrium

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Supplies the main force that propels the blood through either pulmonary or peripheral circulation

Ventricle

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what are the three types of blood vessels?

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries

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Have strong vascular walls and transport blood under HIGH pressure to the tissues

Arteries

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Are very thin walled, yet muscular vessels, muscularity allows them to expand or contract and act as a reservoir for extra blood and transport blood from tissues back to the heart

Veins

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Collect blood from the capillaries

Venules

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Small branches of the arterial system that act as control valves through which blood is released into capillaries

Arterioles

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Very thin walled cylinders that are permeable to small molecular substances that exchange fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and other substances between the blood and interstitial space

Capillaries

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What 2 types of circulation are involved in main circulation?

Pulmonary and Systemic

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Blood circulates to the lungs for oxygenation

Pulmonary circulation

Blood from the left ventricle is sent to all parts of the body and the back to the right atrium

Systemic Circulation

Left ventricle contracts, blood is forced through the aortic valve into the aorta

Systemic circulation

Venous blood returning from the body enters the right atrium through “superior” or “inferior” vena cava into the right ventricle through the atrioventricular(tricuspid) valve

Pulmonary circulation

Right ventricle contracts then blood is forced into the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary circulation

Arteries, Arterioles, and capillaries carry blood to all parts of the body

Systemic circulation

Blood is carried to the lungs and through diffusion, waster(CO2) is exchanged for oxygen

Pulmonary circulation

Oxygenated blood is then returned to the left atrium via pulmonary vein

Pulmonary circulation

Veins return the blood to the right atrium

Systemic circulation

What are the two subsystems?

Coronary and Portal circulation

Circulation of venous blood from the G.I tract and spleen, through the liver and out of the inferior vena cava through the hepatic veins

Portal circulation

Circulation of blood through the muscular tissues of the heart

Coronary circulation

What are the functions of blood?

Respiration permits oxygenation Transport of nutrients Excretory Hemostasis

List the two types of respiration

External and internal

exchange of gas between the alveoli of the lungs and the circulating blood

External Respiration

What are the 4 gases included in external respiration?

Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water vapor

How does gas exchange occur?

By pressure gradient

What is hematopoiesis?

Blood cell production

In early fetal life, where are blood cells formed ?

In many body tissues, mainly liver and spleen

When does bone marrow become the source of production of blood cells?

After fourth month of fetal life

Up to age _____, all bone marrow produces cells.

Five

Between ages 5-7 what happens?

- The shaft (diaphysis) of the long bones stop producing cells - Fat cells replace active marrow - Red marrow is gradually replaced by yellow marrow through maturity

By the age 18-20, where does red marrow remain ?

``` Vertebrae Ribs Sternum Skull Ends of the long bones ```

What does the bone marrow produce?

- Granulocytes(neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils) - Monocytes - RBCs

When can bone marrow become more active ?

- If there is a large loss of RBCs and a demand for increased production occurs - Hemolytic anemia - Chronic hemorrhage

What abnormal effect does aplastic anemia and leukemia have on the bone marrow, as far as production of blood cells are concerned?

Bone marrow can become totally suppressed and cease to function

Plays a role in lymphocyte production but primary production occurs in the bone marrow

Lymphatic System

- can produce RBCs, monocytes and lymphocytes | - filters and stores blood in large quantities to discharge as needed

Spleen

When does the liver start producing blood?

Second month of fetal life

When does leukocyte production begin?

3rd or 4th month of gestation until a few weeks prior to birth

What system breaks down and destroys old and worn out RBCs?

Reticuloendothelial System (RES)

Located in the blood sinusoids in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lining of the lymph channels of the lymph nodes

RES cells

What happens to the heme portion(without the iron) of RBCs after their destruction?

A waste product and is eventually converted into bilirubin and excreted.

What happens to the heme portion (with iron) of RBCs after their destruction?

Is returned to the iron storage pool

How much hemoglobin is in an erythrocytes?

34%

What is the life span of an RBC?

120 days

Where do leukocytes enter and leave during life span?

Peripheral blood

What is the body’s primary defense against infection?

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes form a plug (AKA _________) to help stop bleeding and aid in __________.

Thrombus ; hemostasis

What is the most commonly performed hematology procedure?

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

According to NCCLS, what 7 items are included in a CBC?

``` Hemoglobin Hematocrit RBC Count WBC Count RBC Morphology WBC Differential Platelet Estimate ```

Why is EDTA the preferred anticoagulant for Hematological studies?

Prevent coagulation by binding calcium Preserves morphology of cellular elements Stable up to 24hrs at 4°C

What are unsuitable samples and why?

Hemolysis because the laying of RBCs falsely decreases RBC count Clots because it falsely decreases CBC values

Properly collected anticoagulated blood will separate into 3 distinct layers. What are they?

Plasma Buffy coat(WBCs and platelets) RBCs

What do color changes in plasma result from?

Disease process or improper handling

What is homeostasis?

All fluid and cellular element are in a constant stat of exchange and the exchange leads to equilibrium

What is osmotic pressure?

The difference in concentration on either side of the membrane

If the concentration of the solution on both sides is _______, the osmotic pressure is ________.

Equal; Zero

Plasma is __________.

Isotonic

The concentration of the ____________________________ is the same as the concentration ________________.

Diluent the RBC is immersed in; inside the RBC

Diluents used in hematology should also be isotonic so that cells are (affected/not affected).

Not affected

What is the isotonic saline solution?

0.85 g/dl NaCl

The diluent is less concentrated than the inside of the RBC

Hypotonic Solution

Diluent outside of the RBC is more concentrated than the inside of the RBC.

Hypertonic solution

Diluent passes into the RBC

Hypotonic solution

RBCs swell and eventually rupture or hemolyze

Hypotonic solution

Fluid passes from RBC to diluent

Hypertonic solution

RBCs shrink and become cremated from loss of liquid

Hypertonic solution

Day 1 Flashcards

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