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LEEDS BECKETT: Year 2 Biology > Day 1: Intro > Flashcards

Day 1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Vegans are often deficient in which vitamin?

A

Vitamin B12

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2
Q

Some drugs are receptor antagonists.

Define receptor antagonists.

A

A drug which blocks a receptor in the body

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3
Q

What is a prion?

Why is it dangerous?

A

A prion is a misfolded protein

When it touches healthy proteins, they become misfolded too in a chain reaction

This causes brain tissue to fall apart

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4
Q

Define haemophilia

A

A clotting disorder

So your blood takes longer to clot

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5
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

hyper - increased

calc - calcium

aemia - in the blood

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6
Q

Dysplasia

A

The growth of abnormal cells

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7
Q

Give examples of agonists

(2)

A

Heroin + Morphine

Activate the opioid receptor

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8
Q

Which mineral are women often deficient in, causing anaemia?

A

Iron

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9
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

hypo - low

oxia - oxygen

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10
Q

What is an opportunistic infection?

A

An infection which occurs when your immune system is weakened

For example: a patient is taking steroids and develops oral thrush

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11
Q

What is Aplastic anaemia?

A

A - missing

plastic - tissue

  • Defective bone marrow doesn’t produce enough blood cells
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12
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

(2)

A

a life-threatening allergic reaction

the smooth muscle in their windpipe closes

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13
Q

What is a congenital disease?

A

A disease which is present since birth

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14
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

How the body breaks down a drug

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Which Vitamin are alcoholics often deficient in?

A

B12

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17
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Anaemia means that either the level of red blood cells or the level of haemoglobin in your body is lower than normal.

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18
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Cancer of bone marrow

Causing an uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells

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19
Q

What is B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)?

A

It’s released when the walls of the heart are stretched

The effect of it is vasodilation

We measure it in the blood screen for heart failure

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20
Q

What is haemoglobin?

What is the most component?

A

The red pigment in blood cells which binds to oxygen.

Iron

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21
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

carcino - cancer

genesis - development

22
Q

What is an idiopathic disease?

A

Any disease with an unknown cause

23
Q

Which vitamin are pregnant women often deficient in?

A

Vitamin B9

(Folate)

24
Q

What is troponin?

When would you measure it in someone’s blood?

A

Troponin is a protein released from dying heart muscle

You would measure it if you suspected a heart attack

25
Q

What is Atrophy?

A

A decrease in cell number

26
Q

How do you treat sepsis?

A

BUFALO

27
Q

Give an example of an antagonist

(2)

A

Naloxone

which antagonises the opioid receptors

28
Q

Define differentiation

A

How much something has changed from its original

29
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

an increase in the number of cells

30
Q

What is thalassemia?

(2)

A

an inherited condition

causing deformed red blood cells

31
Q

What is a comorbidity?

A

When a patient has more than one disease

32
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

The effects of a drug on then body

33
Q

What are the common symptoms of anaemia?

A

Weakness

tiredness

pale skin

nail spooning

34
Q

What does it mean when a cancer is in remission?

A

The cancer is shrinking/inactive

35
Q

Define Sepsis

A

Infection which has reached a patent’s blood

36
Q

Define Hypertyrophy

A

When a cell gets bigger

37
Q

Some drugs are receptor agonists.

Define receptor agonists

A

A drug which activate receptors within the body

38
Q

Which is associated with a reduced MCV?

A

Thalassemia

39
Q

People from which countries are most likely to have thalassemia?

A

mediterranean people

40
Q

What is a metaplasia

A

When a cell changes from one type to another

meta = to change

41
Q

What is Sickle cell disease?

(2)

A
  • mutated red blood cells which snap into an odd shape
  • blocking capillaries
42
Q

Para-neoplastic syndrome definition

A

When cancer cells begin producing certain hormones

Most commonly: parathyroid hormone

Causing hypercalcaemia

43
Q

What is mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?

A

The average size of a red blood cell

44
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

hypertrophy of the right ventricle

45
Q

What are the four stages of pharmacokinetics?

(4)

A

A Absorption

D Distribution

M Metabolism

E Excretion

46
Q

What is an iatrogenic illness?

A

An illness caused by a medical treatment or examination

47
Q

Which two common vitamin deficiencies can cause anaemia?

A

Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) deficiency

48
Q

What is a neoplasm?

(2)

A

(1) A tumour/growth
(1) It can be either benign or malignant

49
Q

What is Polycythaemia

A

poly - many

cyth - red blood cells

aemia - in the blood

50
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

expansion of the walls of blood vessels

51
Q

What is megaloblastic anaemia?

When would you see it?

A

mega - large

blastic - produced

megaloblastic - lots of large blood cells

It is caused by B12 deficiency

LEEDS BECKETT: Year 2 Biology (3 decks)

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