Day 3: return of the king

Question 1

Define tachycardia

Define bradycardia

Answer 1

tachycardia: a heart rate over 100bpm

bradycardia: a heart rate under 60bpm

Question 2

What are DNA and RNA?

Answer 2

DNA - found only in the nucleus

The genetic information of the organism

RNA - found in the cytoplasm of the cell

Is a temporary copy of the DNA which is used by ribosomes to “print” proteins

Question 3

Label each bacterial colony shape

Answer 3

Question 4

The four most common causes of dementia are

Alzheimer’s disease

Lewy body dementia

Frontotemporal dementia

Vascular dementia

How do they affect the brain?

Answer 4

Alzheimer’s disease: beta-amyloid proteins build up and cause inflammation of the brain

Lewy body dementia: alpha-synuclein proteins build up and cause inflammation of the brain

Frontotemporal dementia: Caused by being hit in the head which causes “tau” proteins to build up leading to inflammation

Vascular dementia: poor blood supply to the brain

Question 5

What is the main difference between

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 5

Prokaryotic cells don’t have a defined nucleus

Question 6

Anxiety disorders are linked to which part of the brain?

Answer 6

The amygdala

Question 7

Which sexually transmitted infection results in discharge of lots of puss from the genitals?

Answer 7

gonorrhoea

Question 8

What is the difference between

dominant and recessive

genes?

Answer 8

Dominant: only one copy of the gene is needed for the trait to be expressed.

Recessive: two copies are needed for the trait to be expressed

Question 9

What are the target Oxygen sats for a patient with

type 2 respiratory failure (like COPD)

Answer 9

88-92%

Question 10

Which hormone causes the fight or flight response?

Answer 10

Adrenaline

Question 11

How do you treat heart failure?

Answer 11

ACE inhibitors

Question 12

What are the common treatments for anxiety?

(3)

Answer 12

SSRIs (anti depressants)

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)

Benzodiazepines

Question 13

Name each stage of the Septic Six

(BUFALO)

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the effects of HPV?

(3)

Answer 14

most people have no symptoms

some people develop genital warts

it can also cause cervical cancer

Question 15

What are the structures of

DNA

RNA

Answer 15

DNA: a long “double helix” shape wrapped around itself

RNA: a short string in a line

Question 16

What is left-sided heart failure?

What are the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure?

Answer 16

When the left side of the heart grows too large, interfering with the heart’s normal function.

• Difficulty breathing
• Cough
• Cyanosis

Question 17

Which brain chemical is linked to psychosis?

Answer 17

dopamine

Question 18

Which immune cells are responsible for killing infected human cells?

Answer 18

T-cells

Question 19

Which drug prevents vasoconstriction and increases capillary refill time

Answer 19

ACE inhibitors

Question 20

Which immune cells produce antibodies?

Answer 20

B-cells

also called

plasma cells

Question 21

Label this virus (3)

Answer 21

Question 22

You are escalating a patient to a senior.

What does the SBARD acronym stand for?

Answer 22

Situation

Background

Assessment

Recommendation

Decision

Question 23

Which structure of the brain is involved in our response to stressful situations?

Answer 23

Amygdala

Question 24

What is meant by these heart terms?

Preload

Afterload

Cardiac output

Stroke volume

Answer 24

Preload: the initial pressure in the heart before contraction

Afterload: Afterload is the pressure that the heart must work against to eject blood during systole (ventricular contraction

Cardiac output: The volume of blood pumped in a minute

Stroke volume: The amount of blood pumped in one contraction

Question 25

What is psychosis?

Answer 25

Psychosis is where you see or hear things that are not there (**hallucinations**) or believe things that are not true (**delusions**)

Question 26

What are the base pairings in DNA?

Answer 26

**A** pairs with **T** **C** pairs with **G**

Question 27

Beta-blockers like propranolol are drugs **which cause what effect?**

Answer 27

Beta blockers **SLOW the heart rate**

Question 29

# Define these causes of anxiety: **Agoraphobia** **Social anxiety disorder** **Panic disorder** **Separation anxiety disorder** **Phobias** **Generalised Anxiety Disorder**

Answer 29

**Agoraphobia**: anxiety related to situations such as public transport/open spaces or being unable to escape from these situations. **Social anxiety disorder**: anxiety related to social situations and of scrutiny and assessment by others in such situations. **Panic disorder**: recurrent unexpected panic attacks and fear of further panic attacks. **Separation anxiety disorder**: anxiety related to separation from a person. **Phobia**: related to a specific object or situation (e. using lifts). **Generalised Anxiety Disorder**: marked anxiety about various things that lasts for more than 6 months.

Question 30

What is **right-sided heart failure**? What are the signs and symptoms of **right-sided heart failure**?

Answer 30

When the left side of the heart grows too large, interfering with the heart's normal function. * Leg swelling * ascities

Question 31

When testing for anaemia what blood test would you do?

Answer 31

Full blood count

Question 32

**_How do each of these antibiotics work?_** Penicillin Cephalosporin Aminoglycosides

Answer 32

**Penicillin**: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall **Cephalosporin**: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall **Aminoglycosides**: bind to the ribosomes inside of bacteria which are responsible to making bacterial proteins