Day 2: Electric Boogaloo Flashcards by Samuel Goundry

What is the function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in the menstrual cycle?

What is the function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in the menstrual cycle?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - triggers the maturation of an egg

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - triggers the release of an egg from the ovary

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What is the role of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies?

Where is IgG found?

Their function is to bind to antigens, tagging them to be engulfed and digested by other immune cells

IgG is found circulating freely in the blood

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What is an Embolic stroke?

or embolism?

Something in the blood vessels blocking blood flow

commonly: fat or amniotic fluid

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What is dysphagia?

Why is it a problem?

dys - problems

phagia - swallowing

problems swallowing

It is a problem because patients will often inhale food into their lungs

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How do you treat anaphylaxis?

(3)

adrenaline (epipen)

hydrocortisone (steroids)

chlorphenamine (anti-histamine)

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Difference between

Type 1 respiratory failure

and

Type 2 respiratory failure

Type 1

Low oxygen in the blood and a normal or low carbon dioxide level

Type 2

Low oxygen in the blood and a raised carbon dioxide level

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What is epididymitis?

(2)

Inflammation of the epididymis

often caused by chlamydia

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What are antibodies?

(2)

Immune proteins which travel around the body, searching for “antigens”

When they bind to antigens, they trigger an immune response

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How do Fluroquinolone antibiotics work?

Prevent DNA from being coiled inside bacteria

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What is Amaurosis fugax?

(2)

temporary loss of vision

because of a blockage to the retinal artery

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What is an enzyme inhibitor?

It blocks the action of an enzyme

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What is the half life of a drug?

The time taken for half of a drug to be broken down by your body

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What do ACE inhibitors do?

(3)

Block the action angiotensin

Which prevents vasoconstriction

Which lowers blood pressure

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What is a prodrug?

An inactive drug which the liver converts to an active form

Codeine -> Morphine

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Where does first-pass metabolism happen?

The liver

For example, the metabolism of codeine to morphine

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What is an enzyme?

(2)

A large complicated protein
Which catalyses a reaction in the body

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Which bacteria are “acid fast” stain used to identify?

mycobacterium (tuberculosis)

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What is the difference between

pharmaco-kinetics

and

pharmaco-dynamic

pharmaco-kinetics - how the body breaks down a drug

pharmaco-dynamic - the effect of the drug on the body

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What are TLRs?

toll-like receptors

They’re displayed on the surfaces of infected human cells

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What is the difference between

bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?

bactericidal - kill bacteria

bacteriostatic - halt bacterial growth

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A widened pulse pressure indicates what?

sepsis

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What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

What is the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

oestrogen - grows the lining of the uterus (endometrium)

progesterone - maintains the lining of the uterus (endometrium)

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What is the role of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies?

Where is IgA found?

IgA binds to antigens in body secretions

Most commonly in breast milk but also in the intestines

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What is the role of ‘sex pili”?

Allows bacterial cells to share genetic material

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What is a prognosis?

The future "forecast" of a patient's condition

How do you treat an ischaemic stroke?

**Thrombolytic therapy** | (Unblock the blockage)

Which blood test can be used to indicate an infection? (2)

C-reactive protein increased in the blood during an infection

What is the role of Immunoglobulin E (**IgE**) antibodies? Where is **IgE** found? What happens when they bind to an antigen?

Responsible for allergic reactions Found on the surface of **mast cells** and **basophils** When the bind to an antigen, they trigger the mast cells to release **histamine**

What is a ptosis? What is it a sign of?

**Droopy eyelid** Sign of **Myasthenia Gravis** (brain degeneration disease)

How do you treat sepsis?

(from BUFALO) * antibiotics * fluids * oxygen

What is bioavailability?

The amount of drug which isn't broken down by your stomach. for example. bioavailability of oral paracetamol is 79% because 21% of the drug is destroyed by the stomach

What is a Mycoplasma bacterium?

A bacterial cell without a cell wall

What is autophagy?

When a cell eats itself **auto** - self **phagy** - eat

What is an **Addisonian Crisis** and how do you treat it? (2)

The body can't produce enough glucocorticoid steroids Give the patient glucocorticoid steroids

Which antibody is the most highly specific and selective when binding to an antigen?

IgG

What is a "***coup***" brain injury? What is a "***countre-coup***" brain injury

"**Coup**" - same side you hit "**contre-coup**" - opposite side you hit

What are blast cells?

Cells in the bone marrow which produce red and white blood cells.

What is the "aetiology" of a disease?

aetiology - the trigger/cause for example, genetics, radiation, bacteria, viruses

Which sexually transmitted infection often doesn't show symptoms?

Chlamydia

What are antigens? | (2)

Antigens are found on foreign bacteria When found by the immune system, they trigger an immune response

What is **mannitol** used to treat?

Raised intercranial pressure

What is collagenase?

Collagen-ase An enzyme that breaks down collagen

What are the five signs of inflammation

Angiotensin is a hormone What is the effect of **angiotensin**?

1. Vaso-constriction 2. Which increases blood pressure

What is the difference between ***gram-positive***" and "***gram-negative***" bacteria

**Gram-positive** - only have a cell wall **Gram-negative** - have a cell wall and membrane

What are **Rifampins** used to treat?

Mycobacterium (Tuberculosis)

What is meant by the term "**shock**"

A reduction in the effective circulating volume of blood within the body (low blood pressure)

What are the two types of stroke?

**ischaemic/thrombotic** - blocked blood supply to the brain **haemorrhagic** - there's a bleed in the brain

What is the difference between **morbidity** and **mortality**

**morbidity -** the negative effect of a medical condition on a patient's life **mortality -** how likely a patient is to die from their illness

What is a Cerebella stroke?

A stroke at the back of your brain signs include: dizziness and loss of coordination

What is Tamponade? | (3)

The heart sits in a bag called the pericardial sac If a patient bleeds into this sac, the heart can't beat properly This is called tamponade

What is Hemianopia?

Loss of visual field on one side

Drinking too much alcohol has what effect on bone marrow?

1. Direct suppression of bone marrow 2. red and white blood cell production decreases (aplastic anaemia)

What is the function of a flagellum?

Assists the bacterial cell with movement

What is Apoptosis?

Planned cell death (cell suicide) As part of the cell life cycle

**What is MHC?** What is the difference between **MHC1 and MHC2?**

**Major Histocompatibility complex** - it is used to identify "host cells" **MHC1** - found on all human cells **MHC2** - found **only** on immune cells (white blood cells)

What is Necrosis?

An unplanned cell death from injury

What is the role of IgD antibodies?

The role/function of IgD is currently unknown

What is the role of Immunoglobulin M (**IgM**) antibodies? Where is **IgM** found?

Their function is to bind to **antigens, tagging** them to be engulfed and digested by other immune cells IgM is the **first line antibody** when dealing with infections - found attached to other IgM antibodies in a "**pentamer**" shape

What is the function of the bacterial pilus?

Assists with adhesion of the bacterial cell

What does "ACE inhibitor" stand for?

angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor

What is a pneumothorax? What is a tension pneumothorax?

1. When the space between the lung and the chest fills with air, preventing breathing 2. When a pneumothorax blocks the blood vessels of the heart.

What is proliferation?

When cells reproduce and multiply

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone ## Footnote **What is its effect?** **Where is it produced?** **(2)**

1. It acts on the bone marrow to stimulate more RBC production 2. It is produced by the kidneys

What are Polymyxins used to treat?

Gram-negative bacterial infections

What is vasoconstriction?

Constriction of blood vessels

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells? (2)

They travel around the body and induce apoptosis in body cells which may be unhealthy

What is Monocular vision loss

mono - one ocular - eye Vision loss in one eye

How is an Asthma emergency treated?

blue inhaler (salbutamol) steroids (hydrocortisone)

What are Adherence Factors

Increases the pathogenicity of an organism by allowing bacteria to attach to mucosal surfaces

Day 2: Electric Boogaloo Flashcards

(71 cards)