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POP Health > Day 1 Session 2 > Flashcards

Day 1 Session 2 Flashcards

Foundations

1
Q

What are social determinants?

A

‘Supra-individual’ factors that influence the health of individual populations.

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2
Q

What are some examples of social determinants?

A
  • social (eg status)
  • economic (eg income)
  • cultural (eg Norms)
  • political (eg war)
  • global (eg 3rd world debt)
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3
Q

What are the relationships between social determinants & health?
- Example: life expectancy

A
  • Massive gap between high & low income countries
  • Over time these increases are not proportional
  • Modifiable
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4
Q

What is health inequality?

A

Measurable differences in health experience and health outcomes between different population groups
- According to SES, geographical area, age, disability ect.

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5
Q

What is health inequity?

A
  • Differences in the opportunities of different population groups which result in unequal life chances, access to health services, nutritious food, housing ect.
  • Absence of socially unjust or unfair health disparities (health inequalities)
  • Doesn’t require everyone to be equal but to have the same possibilities
  • social justice & fairness
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6
Q

What are the best interventions to do with the gradient?

A

Interventions need to encompass the whole gradient

- seen in under 5 mortality (Marmot & Lancet, 2007)

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7
Q

Is:
Younger & older Australian mortality rates
- 15-24 year old women: 26/100,000 per year
- 65-84 year old women: 2100/100,000 per year

A
  • Inequality

Same gander, country & availability to the same services

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8
Q

What is the relation of inequity to inequality?

A

All equities are inequalities

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9
Q

What do we mean by the social gradient in health?

A
  • It runs from the top to the bottom of the socioeconomic spectrum
  • Seen in low, middle and high income countries
  • Means that health inequities affect everyone
  • Risk factors are socio-economically set standards
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10
Q

What type of cancer does not follow this negative gradient?

A

Breast Cancer

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11
Q

What are the three recommendations by the WHO commission on the Social Determinants of Health?

A

1 Improve daily living
2 Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources
3 Measure & understand the problem and assess the impact of action

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12
Q

Why is early life important? And what ages does this include?

A

Sets the scene for the rest of life

- prenatal to 8 years of age

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13
Q

What are 5 methods for improving daily living conditions?

A 
1 Early Life
2 Where people live
3 Fair employment and decent work 
4 Social protection policies 
5 Universal Health care
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14
Q

What are the 6 approaches to tackling the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources?

A
  • Health equity (in all policies, systems and programs)
  • Fair financing
  • Market responsibility
  • Gender equity
  • Political empowerment
  • Good global Governance
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15
Q

Tackling the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources: explain Health equity in all policies, systems & programs.

A

1.Health equity in all policies, systems and programs
Place responsibility for action on health and health equity at the highest level of government, and ensure its coherent consideration across all policies
Adopt a social determinants framework across the policy and programmatic functions of the ministry of health and strengthen its stewardship role in supporting a social determinants approach across government.

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16
Q

Tackling the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources: explain fair finance.

A

2.Fair financing
Strengthen public finance for action on the social determinants of health (e.g. progressive taxation).
Increase international finance for health equity, and coordinate increased finance through a social determinants of health action framework. (e.g. honour existing commitments for global aid)
Allocate government resources for action on the social determinants of health.

17
Q

Tackling the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources: explain marketing responsibility.

A
  1. Market responsibility
    Institutionalize consideration of health and health equity impact in national and international economic agreements and policy-making (e.g. electricity pricing).
    Reinforce the primary role of the state in the provision of basic services essential to health (such as water/sanitation) and the regulation of goods and services with a major impact on health (such as tobacco, alcohol, and food).
18
Q

Tackling the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources: explain gender equity.

A
  1. Gender equity
    Address gender biases in the structures of society – in laws and their enforcement, in the way organizations are run and interventions designed, and the way in which a country’s economic performance is measured. (e.g. legislation re discrimination on basis of sex)
    Develop and finance policies and programmes that close gaps in education and skills, and that support female economic participation. (e.g. family friendly policies)
    Increase investment in sexual and reproductive health services and programmes, building to universal coverage and rights
19
Q

Tackling the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources: explain political empowerment & inclusion.

A
  1. Political empowerment and inclusion
    Empower all groups in society through fair representation in decision-making about how society operates
    Enable civil society to organize and act in a manner that promotes and realizes the political and social rights affecting health equity.
20
Q

Tackling the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources: good global governance.

A
  1. Good global governance
    Make health equity a global development goal, and adopt a social determinants of health framework to strengthen multilateral action on development.
    Strengthen WHO leadership in global action on the social determinants of health, institutionalizing social determinants of health as a guiding principle across WHO departments and country programmes.
21
Q

What is a targeted approach?

A

Address the health gap between the poorest and most disadvantaged in society

  • but health inequities may remain as they haven’t addressed the gradient (heart of the problem)
22
Q

What is a universal approach?

A

Focus on improving the health of all, reducing the social gradient

  • but some initiatives may only be taken up with those with the most resources to do so and thus widen the health inequities
23
Q

What is a place based approach? & their success?

A
  • approach for that specific place
  • Mixed evidence of effectiveness
  • Need good community group support

POP Health (12 decks)

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