Day 2 Session 1

Question 1

What are two types of interventions that can save lives?

Answer 1

• social

- medical (prevention)

Question 2

What are the three domains of public health?

Answer 2

• health protection
• health improvement
• health & social care quality
• > with overlap

Question 3

What is an example of health protection?

Answer 3

• clean, air, water, food
• communicable disease
• disaster preparedness
• injury control
• environmental health hazards

Question 4

What is an example of health improvement?

Answer 4

• reducing inequalities
• harm minimization
• education
• research, audit & evaluation

Question 5

What is an example of health & social care quality?

Answer 5

• health system policy & planning
• legislation & regulation
• efficiency
• evidence-based healthcare
• quality & standards

Question 6

What is health?

Answer 6

Is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity

Question 7

What is disease, illness & sickness?

Answer 7

• Disease: is a physiological/psychological dysfunction
• Illness - is a subjective state of the person who feels aware of not being well
• Sickness - is a state of social dysfunction

Question 8

What are 7 domain of health?

Answer 8

• longevity
• activity
• comfort (subjective)
• satisfaction
• disease
• achievement
• resilience

Question 9

What are the four main points of the natural history of disease?

Answer 9

• Induction
• Latency (delay)
• Pre-clinical (diagnostic)
• Clinical

Question 10

What is primary prevention?

Answer 10

• stops induction eg lifestyle & spread

- most preventions

Question 11

What is secondary prevention?

Answer 11

• disease has started & aim to prevent further spread eg screening & surgery

Question 12

What is tertiary prevention?

Answer 12

• event has occurred but can prevent it getting worse

Question 13

What are the two main approaches to prevention?

Answer 13

• Target high risk

- Move whole population

Question 14

What causes disease?

Answer 14

Each child develops and tests an inventory of causal explanations that brings meaning to the events that are perceived and ultimately leads to increasing power to control those events.
- uses trail & error

Question 15

What is the definition of cause of a disease?

Answer 15

• antecedent event, condition or characteristics that was necessary for the occurrence of the disease at the moment it occurred, given that other conditions are fixed
• > component causes

Question 16

What is a sufficient cause?

Answer 16

• a set of minimal conditions and events that will produce a disease (a complete set of component causes)
• often all these factors are not known -> when this is the case be assign the average risk of getting the disease to everyone (although this may be very different)
• may not always be the same components needed
• when there is a consistent component it is referred to as the necessary component

Question 17

What is interaction among causes?

Answer 17

• Biological interaction is the participation of two component cases in the same sufficient cause
• does not have to be simultaneous

eg head injury leading to a balance issues leading to a fall 5 years later

Question 18

What are some examples of health protection?

Answer 18

Clean air, water, food
Communicable disease surveillance & control
Fire, radiation, chemical, poison protection
Disaster preparedness
Environmental health hazards
Injury control
Prevent war, nuclear weapons, social disorders

Question 19

What are some strategies to control communicable disease?

Answer 19

• surveillance (allows early response)
• response to outbreaks
• vaccines
• emergency planning

Question 20

What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

Answer 20

Epidemic is wide spread, while a pandemic is global

Question 21

What is the purpose of screening?

Answer 21

To identify people at increased risk of a condition so that prevention intervention can be offered early enough in the natural history of the condition to prevent it’s progression

Question 22

What are some limitations to screening?

Answer 22

• Have to have the effective intervention established
• Needs to have sufficient accuracy (& produce few false positives & negatives)
• Just because you have a test doesn’t mean that it will be effective

Question 23

What needs to be considered when evaluating screening?

Answer 23

Take into account: benefits, harms & cost-effectiveness

Question 24

What are some examples of screening used today?

Answer 24

• prenatal
• mammography
• cervical cancer
• correctional cancer
• prostate cancer
• Chlamydia

Question 25

What are the main features of chronic Illness Care?

Answer 25

- Secondary prevention is an important part of the population health framework, focused particularly on primary healthcare - Community-­‐based care models involving GPs, allied health professionals, pharmacists, podiatrists, and many others - Increasingly, hospitals are recognising their role in prevention simply because they cannot cope with the inexorable and constant increases in patient numbers. -Nation health scheme remuneration that recognises the preventative care role is increasingly being used to focus efforts in this direction

Question 26

What is Health Improvement?

Answer 26

- Improving & promoting health - Reducing Inequalities - Harm minimisation Tackling broader determinants (eg employment) - Family/community health - Education - Lifestyle/health education

Question 27

What is harm reduction?

Answer 27

Strategies for reducing the physical and social harms associated with inherently risky behaviours - without abolishing the behaviour eg Alcohol

Question 28

What are the features of health promotion?

Answer 28

- A system for intelligence gathering - Clear policy, legislation & regulation - Communication of information - Provision of primary services - Sharing responsibility across sectors - Mobilization of communities

Question 29

What are the four steps in communication strategy? And the order?

Answer 29

Beliefs> Attitudes > intentions > behaviour

Question 30

What do the five Es of injury control stand for?

Answer 30

- Education - Engineering (eg seatbelts) - Enforcement (eg random breath tests) - Eradication (eg poisons) - Exposure reduction (eg smaller pill bottles)

Question 31

What is important to focus on when setting approaches?

Answer 31

Use of standards, laws and regulation, work practices, professional development as a means to promote health and well-being

Question 32

Are health inequalities strongly associated with socio-economic inequalities?

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

What is the Best Start program in Victoria?

Answer 33

Provides better access to child and family support, health services and early education

Question 34

What are health and social care qualities?

Answer 34

- health systems policy & planning - legislation and regulation - quality and standards - evidence-based health care - clinical governance - efficiency - research, audit & evaluation