Day 12: Trematode Structure

Question 1

What is the phylum of trematodes

Answer 1

Plathelminthes

Question 2

What is the structure of trematode

Answer 2

Bilaterally symmertrical
Dorsoventrally flattened
lack a coelom
Lack complete digestive tract
Digenea have two suckers for attachment

Question 3

What is the physiology of trematodes

Answer 3

Food is taken in at mouth and across tegument
Undigested material in gut is regurgitated=
Excretory system is made up of ciliated flame cells which push metabolic waste products along tubules to the exterior
Some materials absorbed across surface

Question 4

What are the general characteristics of trematodes

Answer 4

Hermaphroditic, both self and cross ferilization
Sexual reproduction in a definitive host
Asexual reproduction in a snail host
High specificity for first intermediate host

Question 5

What is a ruminant trematode called

Answer 5

Fasciola hepatica

Question 6

What is the morphology of Fasciola haptacia

Answer 6

20mm
internal organs are highly branched and difficult to distinguish

Question 7

What is the distribution of Fasciola hepatica

Answer 7

Florida
Lousiana
Texas
West coast

Question 8

What are the clinical signs of Fasciola hepatica in sheep

Answer 8

Acute severe disease
Distended painful abdomen
Anemia
Sudden death due to liver damage
Clostridium novyi contributes to this

Question 9

What are the clinical signs of Fasciola heptaica in cattle

Answer 9

Asymptomatic to chronic
Anorexia and weight loss
Anemia
Hypoproteinemia
Diarrhea or scant feces

Question 10

What is the pathology of Fasciola hepatica

Answer 10

Hemorrages and migratory tracts in liver
Diffusely fibrotic and cirrhotic liver
interstital hepatitis

Question 11

Which species has a “self-cure” due to acquired immunity for Fasciola heptatica

Answer 11

Cattle

Question 12

How do you diagnose Fasciola heptaica

Answer 12

Oval operculated golden brown eggs found in fecal flotation or sedimentation
Fluke eggs will not be found in the feces during the acute stage

Question 13

How do you control Fasciola hepatica

Answer 13

Reduce worm burden in host
Routine deworming in spring and fall
Reduce snail population
Reduce exposure of cattle or sheep to contaminated areas

Question 14

What is the morphology of fascioloides magna

Answer 14

Large leaf shaped parasite

Question 15

Where are fascioloides magna common

Answer 15

Great Lakes area

Question 16

Who are the natural hosts of fascioloides manga

Answer 16

Deer
Adult flukes become encysted in the liver parenchyma of the deer and eggs are passed through a draining attract to the bile duct

Question 16

Who are abnormal hosts of fascioloides magna

Answer 16

Cattle, sheep and goats
Infected by grazing common areas with deer
Cattle encapsulate the fluke and no eggs escape
Sheep and goats do not encapsulate the fluke and great damage occurs due to liver migration

Question 17

What are the clinical signs of Fascioloides manga

Answer 17

Cattle do not show clinical signs
Sheep and goats do
Flukes do not encyst and continue to migrate
1-2 flukes can kill sheep
Limit sheep raising in upper midwest (MN,WI,MI)

Question 18

What is the pathology of Fascioloides magna

Answer 18

Diffuse black pigment develops in he liver and lymph nodes
main economic loss is through liver condemnation in cattle

Question 19

How do you diagnose Fascioloides Magna

Answer 19

Postmortem-slaughter checks
Eggs do not show up in feces of domestic ruminants

Question 20

How do you treat Fascioloides magna

Answer 20

Albendazole

Question 21

What is the dog/cat Trematode called

Answer 21

Nanophyetus salmincola

Question 22

What is the epidemiology of Nanophyetus salmincola

Answer 22

“Salmon poisoning” fluke
Distribution limited to Pacific Northwest USA
Lives in small intestines of dogs, cats and wild carnivores

Question 23

What are clinical signs of nanophyetus salmincola

Answer 23

Heavy infections lead to enteritis
Carries Neorickettsia helmintheca, which is the etiologic agent of salmon poisoning

Question 24

What are the clinical sign of salmon poisoning due to Neoricketsia helmintheca

Answer 24

Fever Hemorrhagic enteritis Enlarged lymph nodes Generally fatal without antibiotic therapy

Question 25

How do you diagnose Nanophyetus salmincola

Answer 25

Fecal float or sedimentation Intyracellular organisms can be seen on lynmph node aspirates

Question 26

How do you control Nanophyetus salmincola

Answer 26

Prevent cats and dogs from ingesting uncooked salonids

Question 27

What are the clinical signs of paragonimus kellicottti

Answer 27

Adults are in pairs in pulmonary cysts of dogs and cats Chronic intermittent cough Weakness Lethargy

Question 28

How do you diagnose Paragonimus Kellicotti

Answer 28

Egg in feces Cysts can be recognized in the lung by x-rays

Question 29

How do you treat Paragonimus kellicotti

Answer 29

Fenbendazole Albendazole

Question 30

What is the distribution of Heterobilharzia americana

Answer 30

Texas, NC, Lousiana, FL

Question 31

What is the lifecycle of Heterobilharzia americana

Answer 31

Cercariae penetrate the skin Cercaria migrate through the body to the lungs and liver Adults are in the mesenteric and hepatic veins Eggs release enzymes eroding out to lumen of intestine Eggs hatch, miracidia enter snails and develop to cercaria

Question 32

What are the clinical signs of Heterobilharzia Americana

Answer 32

Diarrhea (which may be blood-tinged) Vomiting Weight loss Lethargy Melena

Question 33

What is the pathology of heterobilharzia americana

Answer 33

Eggs provoke a granulomatous reaction Healing leads to scar formation and organ injury resulting in liver failure and GI malabsoprtion

Question 34

How do you control Heterobilharzia americana

Answer 34

Dog should not have contact with water through swimming canals or ponds

Question 35

How do you treat heterobilharzia americana

Answer 35

Praziquantel Fenbendazole Prednisolone to reduce fluke inflammation Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections associated with migrating or dying flukes