Death, clostridial, notifiable disease (Yr 4)

Question 1

what can cause death of neonatal lambs?

Answer 1

congenital issues
birth trauma (rib fractures…)
starvation, hypothermia
clostridial disease (lamb dysentery, tetanus…)
neonatal infection (watery mouth, septicaemia…)
intestinal torsions
predators

Question 2

what can cause death in older lambs?

Answer 2

clostridial disease (pulpy kidney, braxy, abomasitis…)
pasteurellosis
urolithiasis (high concentrates)
PGE/parasites
acute fluke
rumen acidosis
plant poisoning

Question 3

what are the common plant poisonings of sheep?

Answer 3

yew, acorn, laurel, rhododendron

Question 4

what is the cause of pneumonia pasteurellosis?

Answer 4

Mannheim haemolytica

Question 5

where is Mannheimia haemolytic found as a normal commensal?

Answer 5

nasopharynx

Question 6

what are some risk factors of developing pneumonia pasteurellosis?

Answer 6

poor colostrum status
stress - transport, weather acidosis, housing…

Question 7

what is used to treat pneumonia pasteurellosis?

Answer 7

long acting oxytetracycline or amoxicillin

Question 8

how can pneumonia pasteurellosis be controlled prophylactically?

Answer 8

vaccination (lambs from three weeks of age, boosters of pre-lambing ewes)
control risk factors

Question 9

what causes systemic pasteurellosis?

Answer 9

Bierbersteinia trehalosi

Question 10

where is Bierbersteinia trehalosi found as a normal commensal in the sheep?

Answer 10

upper respiratory tract

Question 11

what aged lambs get Bierbersteinia trehalosi (systemic pasteurellosis)?

Answer 11

6-10 month old lambs (sudden death)

Question 12

what are some risk factors for Bierbersteinia trehalosi (systemic pasteurellosis)?

Answer 12

stress - grazing change, weather, disease, handling…

Question 13

what can be done to treat Bierbersteinia trehalosi (systemic pasteurellosis)?

Answer 13

long acting oxytetracycline

Question 14

what are the risk factors commonly associated with clostridial disease?

Answer 14

poor hygiene
injury/trauma/wounds
endoparasites
dietary changes
(organisms ubiquitous in environment)

Question 15

what type of environment in the sheep allows clostridial disease to multiple and produce toxins?

Answer 15

anaerobic

Question 16

what causes death in clostridial disease?

Answer 16

toxins produced by bacteria

Question 17

what causes lamb dysentery?

Answer 17

Clostridium perfringens type B

Question 18

what does Clostridium perfringens type B cause?

Answer 18

lamb dysentery

Question 19

what is the main clinical sign of lamb dysentery (Clostridium perfringens type B)?

Answer 19

profuse haemorrhagic diarrhoea (plus abdominal pain)

Question 20

what age sheep are effected by lamb dysentery (Clostridium perfringens type B)?

Answer 20

<3 weeks old

Question 21

what are the main risk factors for lamb dysentery?

Answer 21

over crowding and poor hygiene

Question 22

what is the typical post mortem finding of Clostridium perfringens type B?

Answer 22

haemorrhagic enteritis
blood stained peritoneal fluid

Question 23

how if Clostridium perfringens type B (lamb dysentery) diagnosed?

Answer 23

post mortem (haemorrhagic enteritis)
ELISA for toxins
culture

Question 24

what causes pulpy kidney disease?

Answer 24

Clostridium perfringens type D

Question 25

what does Clostridium perfringens type D cause?

Answer 25

pulpy kidney disease

Question 26

what age sheep is Clostridium perfringens type D (pulpy kidney) seen in?

Answer 26

any age lambs

Question 27

what is a major risk factor of Clostridium perfringens type D (pulpy kidney)?

Answer 27

high levels of concentrate feeding (no vaccination or colostrum)

Question 28

what are the clinical signs that pulpy kidney disease may present with?

Answer 28

ataxia, opisthotonus, sudden death

Question 29

what are the post mortem findings of Clostridium perfringens type D (pulpy kidney?

Answer 29

changes to kidney (haemorrhage...) blood stain peritoneal fluid

Question 30

how is pulpy kidney (Clostridium perfringens type D) diagnosed?

Answer 30

post mortem changes (kidney and peritoneal fluid) ELISA for toxin culture

Question 31

what does Clostridium sordelli cause?

Answer 31

abomasitis and toxaemia

Question 32

what age sheep is Clostridium sordelli seen in?

Answer 32

4-10 weeks old

Question 33

what is the main risk factor for Clostridium sordelli?

Answer 33

intensive concentrate reared lambs

Question 34

what are the possible clinical signs of Clostridium sordelli?

Answer 34

sudden death bloat/distention of abomasum

Question 35

what are the findings on post mortem of Clostridium sordelli?

Answer 35

haemorrhagic bloated abomasum

Question 36

what does Clostridium tetani cause?

Answer 36

tetanus

Question 37

what are the main risk factors for Clostridium tetani?

Answer 37

contamination at docking and wounds

Question 38

what are the clinical signs of Clostridium tetani?

Answer 38

stiff hindlimbs opisthotonus recumbency sudden death

Question 39

what does Clostridium septicum cause?

Answer 39

braxy

Question 40

when is braxy (Clostridium septicum) seen?

Answer 40

autumn/winter when grazing frosty root crops

Question 41

what causes blacks disease?

Answer 41

Clostridium novyi type B

Question 42

what is the primary cause of blacks disease?

Answer 42

fluke infection

Question 43

what are the findings of blacks disease (Clostridium novyi type B)?

Answer 43

necrotic liver (fluke present) bloody peritoneal fluid

Question 44

when are clostridial vaccines given?

Answer 44

start from 3 weeks old booster 4 weeks before lambing

Question 45

what are some clostridial vaccines?

Answer 45

heptavac P plus covexin bravoxin

Question 46

what are some notifiable diseases of sheep to be aware of?

Answer 46

anthrax blue tongue contagious agalactaie foot and mouth scrapie

Question 47

what causes anthrax?

Answer 47

Bacillus anthracis

Question 48

what is the typical post-mortem finding of anthrax?

Answer 48

splenomegaly (soft and friable)

Question 49

what are the clinical signs of foot and mouth?

Answer 49

fever, vesicles, lameness, tongue/dental pad blisters (highly infectious but not usually fatal)

Question 50

how is bluetongue transmitted?

Answer 50

Culicoides imicola (mosquito)

Question 51

what are the clinical signs of bluetongue?

Answer 51

fever, mouth ulcerations, eye/nasal discharge, head/neck swelling, lameness (high mortality)

Question 52

what are the clinical signs of contagious agalactia?

Answer 52

mastitis arthritis keratoconjunctivits abortions (weight loss, pyrexia...)

Question 53

what causes contagious agalactia?

Answer 53

Mycoplasma agalactiae

Question 54

what type of disease is scrape?

Answer 54

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease)

Question 55

what are the clinical signs of scrapie?

Answer 55

neurological (trembling, excitable, aggressive, ataxia...) pruritic, wool loss weight loss death