Neurological (Yr 4)

Question 1

what are the main localisations of brain lesions?

Answer 1

cerebellum
cerebrum
vestibular system
brainstem

Question 2

what are the clinical signs of a diffuse cerebrum lesion?

Answer 2

altered mental state (depression, hyperexcitable…)
blindness
seizures
opisthotnus

Question 3

what are some lesions that can diffusely effect the cerebrum?

Answer 3

bacterial meningitis
cerebrocortical necrosis
pregnancy toxaemia

Question 4

what are the signs of local cerebrum lesions?

Answer 4

contralateral blindness
circling
proprioceptive deficits

Question 5

what are some causes of local cerebrum disease?

Answer 5

GID cysts (Taenia multiceps)
brain abscess
trauma

Question 6

what are the clinical signs of cerebellum lesions?

Answer 6

altered head carriage
ataxia/wide based stance (balance)
dysmetria/hypermetria
intention tremor and nystagmus

Question 7

what can cause cerebellar disease?

Answer 7

congenital - cerebellar hypoplasia (border disease virus)

Question 8

what are some clinical signs of vestibular disease?

Answer 8

head tilt (to affected side)
ataxia (loss of balance)
circling, falling, rolling
spontaneous nystagmus

Question 9

what are some clinical signs of brainstem disease?

Answer 9

depression (ARAS affected)
cranial nerve deficits
ipsilateral hemiparesis

Question 10

what is the main condition of sheep that affects the brainstem?

Answer 10

listeriosis

Question 11

what are some lesions that can affect the spinal cord?

Answer 11

spinal abscess (tick pyaemia)
wobblers syndrome (texels)
trauma
congenital abnormalities

Question 12

what are the main neurological diseases affecting young lambs (<3 months old)?

Answer 12

border disease
congential swayback
drunken lamb syndrome and lamb nephrosis
bacterial meningitis
tetanus
trauma
spinal abscess
louping ill

Question 13

how do lambs with border disease present?

Answer 13

hair shakers (tremors with strong hair coat)

Question 14

how do lamb with congenital swayback present?

Answer 14

ataxic

Question 15

what is the cause of congenital swayback?

Answer 15

copper deficiency

Question 16

how will lambs with bacterial meningitis present?

Answer 16

collapsed

Question 17

how are spinal abscesses treated?

Answer 17

dexamethasone and penicillin

Question 18

what cause louping ill?

Answer 18

flavivirus

Question 19

what spreads louping ill?

Answer 19

ticks

Question 20

what are the clinical signs of louping ill?

Answer 20

head pressing
trembling/tremors/lip twitching
nystagmus
louping gait (moving front/back legs in unison)

Question 21

how can you control louping ill?

Answer 21

vaccination
(gain immunity with age)

Question 22

what are the main neurological disease affecting older lambs (>3 months)?

Answer 22

cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)
listeriosis
gid
louping ill
trauma

Question 23

what causes CCN?

Answer 23

vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency
caused by a change such as diet (weaning), worming…

Question 24

what age sheep is CCN typically seen in?

Answer 24

rapidly growing lambs (2-6 months old)

Question 25

what are the clinical signs of CCN?

Answer 25

dull, disorientated, recumbency blind tremors opisthotonus convulsions (poor prognosis)

Question 26

how is CCN treated?

Answer 26

vitamin B1 (every 12 hours for 3 days) supportive - quiet housing, diet...

Question 27

what causes listeriosis?

Answer 27

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 28

what are the clinical signs of listeriosis?

Answer 28

anorexia, depression unilateral hemiparesis trigeminal nerve paralysis (salivation, feed impacted in cheeks) facial paralysis (drooped ear, lowered eyelid...)

Question 29

what are the two nerves commonly effected by listeriosis?

Answer 29

trigeminal and facial

Question 30

how can listeriosis be treated?

Answer 30

(catch early!!) benzylpenicillin IV or procaine penicillin IM dexamethasone (5 days course of penicillin)

Question 31

what causes did?

Answer 31

Taenia multiceps(not very common now)

Question 32

what are the clinical signs of gid cysts?

Answer 32

circling unilateral blindness (contralateral side) head tile skull softening (gradual onset)

Question 33

how can gid cysts be controlled?

Answer 33

worm dogs with praziquantel every 6 weeks keep dogs away from sheep carcasses

Question 34

what is the main differential for vestibular disease?

Answer 34

otitis media (Pasturella, Streptococcus...)

Question 35

what are the neurological disease seen in sheep?

Answer 35

cervical subluxation (rams fighting) and trauma listeriosis metabolic disease (pregnancy toxaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia) brain abscess, gid cyst wobblers scrapie

Question 36

what are the typical signs of hypomagnesaemia?

Answer 36

staggers and hyperaethesia

Question 37

what are the typical signs of hypocalcaemia?

Answer 37

collapsed, bloated, flaccid paralysis

Question 38

how can pregnancy toxaemia be diagnosed?

Answer 38

beta hydroxbutrate and clinical signs

Question 39

when does hypocalcaemia typically occur in sheep?

Answer 39

before lambing

Question 40

when is hypomagnesaemia typically seen in sheep?

Answer 40

after lambing usually when rearing twins (stress and milk drain as no magnesium store)