Decision making and memory

Question 1

Response selection (Decision)

Answer 1

Where decisions are made by selecting an appropriate response from several options

Question 2

Response programming (Action)

Answer 2

Once a decision has been made it organises the motor system to produce the desired response for the effectors

Question 3

The comparator

Answer 3

Acts as a quality assurance check of the movement that has been chosen

Question 4

What are the 3 parts of the multi model memory store by Atkinson and Shiffrin

Answer 4

1. Short term sensory store
2. Short term memory
3. Long term memory

Question 5

Short Term Sensory Store

Answer 5

Initial process of storing information from all 5 of our senses

Question 6

STSS duration

Answer 6

< 1 second

Question 7

STSS capacity

Answer 7

Large capacity

Question 8

Short Term Memory

Answer 8

Allows for the retrieval, rehearsal and transferring information

Question 9

STM duration

Answer 9

1 - 60 seconds

Question 10

STM capacity

Answer 10

Limited and fragile storage

Question 11

Long Term Memory

Answer 11

Holds information and experiences

Question 12

LTM duration

Answer 12

Infinite

Question 13

LTM capacity

Answer 13

Large capacity

Question 14

What are the 3 parts of the working memory

Answer 14

1. Central executive
2. Phonological loop
3. Visuospatial sketchpad

Question 15

Central executive

Answer 15

Responsible for strategy selection and coordinating the other two components of the working memory

Question 16

Phonological loop

Answer 16

Responsible for manipulating and maintaining speech-based information within the working memory

Question 17

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 17

Responsible for the generation, manipulation, and retention of visual images

Question 18

What are the 2 types of LTM

Answer 18

1. Declarative memory
2. Procedural memory

Question 19

Declarative memory

Answer 19

The facts memory

Question 20

Procedural memory

Answer 20

Is memory storage of skills and procedures. This is ‘know how’ memory – developed over years of rehearsing the skill

Question 21

Decision making

Answer 21

The process of making a choice from a set of options, with the consequences of that choice being crucial

Question 22

What are the 2 types of decision making

Answer 22

1. CDM
2. NDM

Question 23

Classical decision-making theory (CDM)

Answer 23

Clearly identify the problem – generate a range of alternative solutions – evaluate one against the other – select the preferred option

Question 24

Naturalistic decision-making (NDM)

Answer 24

Experts use memory, pattern recognition, environmental cues, intuition, and analysis to make fake accurate decisions

Question 25

Expertise in decision making

Answer 25

Early research suggests that elite athletes just had better organisation, interpretation, and utilisation of sensory information

Question 26

Attention bias

Answer 26

Implicit cognitive bias defined as the tendency of emotionally dominant stimuli in one's environment to preferably draw and hold attention

Question 27

Choice supportive bias

Answer 27

Remembering our previous choices, better than they were

Question 28

Confirmation bias

Answer 28

Only seeing stimuli that we have a preconceived idea about

Question 29

Expectation bias

Answer 29

Towards things that we think will happen, or ignoring things that we think will not happen

Question 30

Gambler's fallacy

Answer 30

The idea that future events are determined by previous experiences

Question 31

Hindsight bias

Answer 31

Tendency to see past events as being predictable

Question 32

What impacts information processing

Answer 32

- Arousal - Anxiety - Time constraints - Anticipation - Reaction times

Question 33

How does arousal affect performance

Answer 33

High or low arousal can negatively affect arousal

Question 34

How does anxiety effect performance

Answer 34

Anxiety can lead to more erratic eye movements and increased checking of the peripheral vision (Shifts away from the central gaze)

Question 35

Perceptual narrowing

Answer 35

When arousal increases our perceptual abilities narrow

Question 36

Cue utilisation hypothesis

Answer 36

A theory that predicts that, as an athlete's arousal increases, his or her attention focus narrows and the narrowing process tends to gate out irrelevant environmental cues first and then, if arousal is high enough, the relevant ones.

Question 37

Time constraints

Answer 37

Different sports, due to their time restraints, may rely more heavily on different stages of the information processing model

Question 38

How do we improve the stimulus response pathway

Answer 38

Deliberate practice

Question 39

Anticipation

Answer 39

The process in which performers use advance cues and information to co-ordinate the correct subsequent behaviour

Question 40

What are the 3 types of anticipation

Answer 40

1. Temporal anticipation 2. Spatial anticipation 3. Event anticipation

Question 41

Temporal anticipation

Answer 41

Refers to timing of an action or when something will occur

Question 42

Spatial anticipation

Answer 42

Refers to where an individual thinks the action will occur

Question 43

Event anticipation

Answer 43

Is the determination of what will happen

Question 44

How do athletes use anticipation (2)

Answer 44

1. Pattern recognition 2. Cue utilisation

Question 45

2 ways to train anticipation

Answer 45

1. Pattern recognition training 2. Perceptual cognitive training

Question 46

Costs of anticipation (4)

Answer 46

1. The anticipated action isn't what happens 2. Loss of points/shots/score/injury 3. Inhibit unprepared the original action - time taken to correct the action 4. End up further away from the stimulus and being at a biomechanical disadvantage