Information processing and skill aquisition

Question 1

Motor behaviour

Answer 1

Motor behaviour describes any motor action that is used to achieve a task or
goal.

Question 2

Motor control

Answer 2

Perception and action

How we take in information and create movement)

Question 3

Motor learning

Answer 3

How we learn and retain movement skills

Question 4

Motor development

Answer 4

How we refine skills to become elite at performing them

Question 5

Neuroplasticity

Answer 5

Brains ability to change its structure and function

Question 6

Human performance model

Answer 6

Input
Executive
Effector
Output

Question 7

What are the names of the psychologists that created the human performance model

Answer 7

Schmidt and Weisberg

Question 8

What are the 3 levels of the executive part of the model

Answer 8

• Stimulus identification (senses)
• Response Selection
• Response Programming

Question 9

What are the 3 levels of the effector

Answer 9

• Motor programme
• Spinal cord
• Muscle

Question 10

Perception (stimulus identification) part of the model

Answer 10

Individual uses all their senses to search and absorb and interpret the environmental stimuli

Question 11

What impacts the speed of a stimulus (5)

Answer 11

• Familiarity
• Experience
• Number of stimuli
• Practice
• Signal intensity

Question 12

Response selection (decision making) part of the model

Answer 12

• The selection of one option from a set of 2 or more options
• Then the individual selects an appropriate response from several options

Question 13

Memory and information processing

Answer 13

Perception and decision making is dependent on the comparison of the present situation, held in the STM, with similar past experiences stored in the LTM

Question 14

Response programming (Action)

Answer 14

The brain retrieves and organises a plan of action (motor program or schema) to control and direct the response

Question 15

Motor program

Answer 15

A set of motor commands that is pre-structured at the executive level and that defines the essential details of a skilled action

Question 16

The effector

Answer 16

Responsible for carrying out the instructions within from the schema and runs the motor program

Question 17

What are the key pathways in the effector mechanisms

Answer 17

• CNS
• PNS
• Neuromuscular junction
• Muscle fibrilis

Question 18

Skill aquisition

Answer 18

Is the science that underpins movement learning and execution and is more commonly termed motor learning and control

Question 19

Learning

Answer 19

A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skill

Question 20

What are the 2 types of learning

Answer 20

• Implicit learning
• Explicit learning

Question 21

Explicit learning

Answer 21

Learner consciously set out to learn the skill

Question 22

Implicit learning

Answer 22

• Subconscious learning
• Being exposed to a skill while not consciously paying attention to it

Question 23

What are the 2 types of knowledge?

Answer 23

1. Declarative knowledge
2. Procedural knowledge

Question 24

Declarative knowledge

Answer 24

Knowing what to do

Question 25

Procedural knowledge

Answer 25

Is being able to do the skill which is developed through practice

Question 26

What are Fitts and posners 3 stages of learning

Answer 26

1. Cognitive 2. Fixation 3. Autonomous

Question 27

Cognitive learning

Answer 27

What actions need to be taken to achieve the goal

Question 28

Fixation learning

Answer 28

Subtle changes and adjustments to new motor pattern to allow a more effective performance of the skill

Question 29

Autonomous learning

Answer 29

Task can be performed with less interference from other ongoing activities

Question 30

How do we measure learning

Answer 30

Performance curves

Question 31

What are the 8 types of practice

Answer 31

1. Massed 2. Distributed 3. Whole 4. Part 5. Whole-part-whole 6. Blocked 7. Serial 8. Random

Question 32

Massed practice

Answer 32

Where the time between trails is shorter than the time taken to undertake the task

Question 33

What are the limitations of massed practice

Answer 33

Danger of boredom and fatigue affecting performance

Question 34

Distributed practice

Answer 34

Where the break or rest time between trails is greater than the time taken to undertake the task

Question 35

What are the limitations of distributed practice

Answer 35

Danger of being seen as a waste of time or lacking intensity

Question 36

Whole practice

Answer 36

Develops technique and decision making as you practice the skill as a whole

Question 37

What are the limitations of whole practice

Answer 37

Overload of information which may impact performance

Question 38

Part practice

Answer 38

Develops technique without undue stress and overload as you breakdown the skill into parts and move on when that section is learned

Question 39

What are the limitations of part practice

Answer 39

Performers fail to understand when and where to use the skills with in the wider context of the sport

Question 40

Whole-part-whole practice

Answer 40

Whole and part practice combined

Question 41

Blocked practice

Answer 41

Learner practices one skill continuously with no interference from the performance of other skills

Question 42

What are the benefits of blocked practice

Answer 42

Higher short term performance gains

Question 43

Serial practice

Answer 43

Learner practices a series of skills in order for a set number of trials

Question 44

What are the benefits of serial practice

Answer 44

Higher long term performance gains, transfer and retention

Question 45

Random practice

Answer 45

Athlete will perform two or more skills having random trials on each skill

Question 46

What are the benefits of random practice

Answer 46

Cognitively demanding and helps decision making

Question 47

Specificity of practice

Answer 47

- Deliberate practice - Make it real and specific to the demands of the task and the context within which the task will be performed