Deck 3 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Q. Name 3 psychosocial factors associated with unemployment
A. Low mortality, structure, pay, feeling of accomplishment, social relationships
improved fitness, reduced state benefits,
Q. Describe the 6 principles of Bradhill Hill causality
A. Strength of association
B. Consistency in association
C. Exposure-response relationship
D. Specificity
E. Temporal relationship
F. Coherence of evidence
Q. Name 3 high risk activities associated with occupational health disorders/work
A. heavy manual handling, lifting from above shoulder height, lifting from below
knee height, incorrect manual handling technique, forceful repetitive work, poor
postures, vibrating mechinary
Q. Who (which occupation) is at a higher risk of carpel tunnel syndrome?
A. Occupations with repetitive wrist movements: hand-transmitted vibration,
painters/decorators, people who cut meat
B. Women > men
C. Risk factors: pregnancy, obesity, endocrine disease, COCP/HRT
Q. What syndrome are people who use chain saws, grinders, jack hammers, drills etc may develop?
A. Hand-arm vibration syndrome
B. Previously called vibration white finger or Raynaud’s phenomenon of industrial
origin
C. Occlusion of ulnar artery and superficial palmar arch
D. Vascular (blanching) and sensori-neural components (tingling, numbness and loss
of dexterity)
Q. What occurs in Tenosynovitis (peritendinitis)
A. Local tenderness and swelling, pain on resisted movements, women > men, manual workers, common in general population
B. High risk of job requires forceful and repetitive hand movements (e.g. hammering)
C. Finkelstein’s test
D. NSAIs, steroid injection, clasp, rest, surgery
Q. What condition is common in tennis and golf players to repetitive strain?
A. Epicondylitis: weakness of grip
B. Medial (Common Flexor Tendon) Pain against resisted flexion of the wrist “MF”
C. Lateral (Common Extensor Tendon) “LE” Pain against resisted extension of the wrist
D. Repetitive bending and straightening of elbow
E. Consider olecranon bursitis in people that lean on their elbows (students, DSE, miners)
F. Cozen’s test
Q. What is Thoracic outlet syndrome?
A. Pain or tingling down arms or blanching of fingers related to posture of arms
B. Due to compression of brachial plexus or subclavian artery/vein in neck
C. May be due to a cervical rib, cervical band or other abnormalities of anatomy in
neck
D. Associated with poor posture, leading of shoulders, working at keyboard or with
arms above shoulders
E. Roos sign, XR neck, MRI, NCTs, Surgery
Q. Name 2 other occupational conditions
A. Rotator cuff problems, repetitive strain disorder, (carpel tunnel syndrome, hand-
arm vibration syndrome, tenosynovitis, epicondylitis, thoracic outlet syndrome,
OA of hip/knee).
Q. Name a trauma score used to access the severity of an injury/trauma
A. Injury severity score (ISS) – global use – max score 777
B. The abbreviated injury score (AIS) is used to access each of six body regions, the
highest score for each region is counted, 3 highest scores are squared and added
to together to give the ISS. Max score in any region is automatically given ISS 75
- Q. Describe the steps of a primary survey of a trauma case?
A. Airway maintenance and cervical spine control
B. Breathing and ventilation
C. Circulation and haemorrhage control
D. Disability/neuro assessment
E. Is the pt alert? Responsive to verbal/pain stumli?
Q. Name 3 potential causes of gout
A. Increased intake (diet), cell turnover (production), cell damage (surgery), cell death (chemotherapy), inborn errors of metabolism (LeschNyan syndrome),
Reduced excretion (90% cases)- renal, drugs, genetics, fructose, high insulin levels
Q. What biological reaction produces uric acid?
Breakdown on DNA/RNA,
Q. What dietary food/drinks increase risk of gout?
A. Total alcohol intake(highest for beer, then spirits, then wine)
B. Red meat and seafood
C. Fructose intake (sugary drinks, cakes, sweets, fruit sugars)
D. Noeffect of purine rich vegetables
E. Dairy products protective, cherries,VitC helpful
Q. Describe some renal causes of gout
A. Genetics: Polymorphisms in genes for urate transport
B. Insulin levels: High insulin levels lower urate excretion
C. Diuretics: impair urate excretion
Q. What crystals are found in gout and psuedogout? Describe the typical distribution
A. Gout: mono sodium urate crystals, big toe
B. Pseudogout: calcium pyrophosphate, MCPs, wrists, knees, ankles
Q. What occurs in psuedogout?
A. Deposition of Calcium Pyrophosphate crystals on joint surface
B. Crystals elicit acute inflammatory response
C. Ix for causes
o Hypo / hyperthyroidism
o Diabetes
o Hyperparathyroidism
o Haemochromatosis
o Magnesium leve
D. No drugs to control condition – correct metabolic abnormality or underlying
cause
Q. Name three features of a RA XR, and three features of a RA ultrasound
A. XR: Peri-articosteopenia, soft tissueswelling,jsn, peri-articular erosions (small, not like large punched out gouty ones), deformity
B. US: Synovial thickening, joint effusions, increased blood flow to synovium (colour
Doppler) = inflammatory marker
C. Treat: intramuscular steroid, intra-articular steroid, methotrexate (oral DMARD), hydroxychloroquine ((oral DMARD)
Q. Describe 5 features of young bone (that aren’t present in older bone)
A. Thick periosteum = rapid healing
B. More collagen = fractures easily
C. More cancellous bone = simple fracture patterns
D. Growth plate (physis) = remodelling
E. Strong ligaments = bone fails first
Q. Where is the physis located? What is it made of?
A. Found at the end of each long bone in children, made from hyaline cartilage
B. At the end of growth, the pate ossifies and an epiphyseal line/scar is left
Q. Which bones are most commonly fractured in children?
A. Upper limb common, pelvic and femur fractures in high energy injuries
Q. Describe 5 fracture patterns
Transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, segmental, avulsed, impacted, torus, greenstick
Q. Which fracture pattern is unique to children and why?
A. Green stick fracture: due to thick periosteum (bone bends and breaks because it is soft)
Q. What is a Salter-Harris fracture? Describe the classifications
A. A fracture that involves the epiphyseal plate (or growth plate),
I. S (straight through) - Fracture that passes transversely through the growth plate
II. A (above) - Most common,transverses throughphysisand exits through
metaphysis
III. L (lower or beLow) - Crossesphysisand exits through the epiphysis into the
growth plate
IV. (Two or Through) - Through growth plate
V. E R – Erasure of growth plate or cRush - Crush of growth plate
