deck_19105563 Flashcards
(575 cards)
1
Q
What significant event occurred in India in 1857?
A
Indian Rebellion
2
Q
What happened in India in 1858?
A
India becomes a Crown Colony and the Treaty of Tientsin is signed.
3
Q
What discovery was made by Burton and Speke in 1858?
A
Discovery of Lake Tanganyika.
4
Q
What was the purpose of Speke’s expedition in 1860?
A
To locate the source of the Nile.
5
Q
What was significant about Livingstone’s journey in 1866?
A
It was his third journey in Africa to find the source of the Nile.
6
Q
What major event occurred in Canada in 1867?
A
Canada becomes a Dominion.
7
Q
What discovery was made in South Africa in 1867?
A
Discovery of diamonds.
8
Q
What Empire organisation was founded in 1868 and recieved a royal charter in 1869?
A
Colonial Society.
9
Q
What major infrastructure project opened in 1869?
A
Suez Canal.
10
Q
What notable event occurred in 1871 involving Livingstone?
A
Stanley finds Livingstone.
11
Q
What happened to Griqualand West in 1871?
A
Annexation to Cape Colony.
12
Q
What significant change occurred in Cape Colony in 1872?
A
Cape Colony granted responsible government. (government ministers became accountable to the locally elected Cape Parliament instead of the British Governor.)
13
Q
What economic event occurred in 1873?
A
Great Depression.
14
Q
What happened in 1873 regarding Livingstone?
A
Death of Livingstone.
15
Q
What change occurred in the Gold Coast in 1874?
A
Gold Coast becomes a colony.
16
Q
What was Stanley’s expedition in 1874 aimed at?
A
Searching for the source of the Nile.
17
Q
What significant acquisition did Disraeli make in 1875?
A
Buys controlling share in Suez Canal.
18
Q
What title did Victoria acquire in 1876?
A
Empress of India.
19
Q
What financial control was established in 1876?
A
Anglo-French control of Egyptian finances.
20
Q
What significant annexation occurred in 1877?
A
Annexation of Transvaal.
21
Q
What war began in 1878?
A
Afghan War.
22
Q
What conflict occurred in 1879?
A
Zulu War.
23
Q
What was the first Boer War?
A
1880: It was sparked by the British annexation of the Transvaal in 1877, which the Boers resisted, ultimately leading to a Boer victory and the restoration of the Transvaal’s independence.
24
Q
What significant event occurred in 1881 in Sudan and South Africa?
A
Mahdist uprising (Muhammed Ahmad) and British defeat at Majuba Hill (200 Brits die to 400 Boers).
25
What happened in Egypt in 1882?
Bombardment of Alexandria and occupation of Egypt.
26
What was the Berlin Conference of 1884?
A meeting to discuss European colonization and trade in Africa.
27
What happened to Gordon in 1885?
Gordon killed in Khartoum.
28
What political organization was formed in 1885?
Indian National Congress.
29
What protectorates were established in 1885?
Protectorates in Bechuanaland and Niger Coast.
30
What significant discovery occurred in South Africa in 1886?
Discovery of gold.
31
What company received a charter in 1886?
Royal Niger Company.
32
What exhibition took place in 1886?
Indian Exhibition in South Kensington (5.5 million visitors, India' took up roughly one third of the exhibition space in 1886. 103,000 square feet were dedicated within the exhibition buildings to India at a cost of £22,000. The Indian Government contributed £10,000 to this).
33
What status did Zululand achieve in 1887?
Became a protectorate.
34
What event occurred in 1888 in Glasgow?
Imperial Exhibition( 5,748,379 visits, butreports of season ticket holders entering and leaving many times a day to increase the number of visits..
35
What did Cecil Rhodes do in 1888?
Amalgamates Kimberly diamond companies.
36
What was established in 1889?
Rhodesia and British South Africa Company receives charter.
37
What protectorate was formed in 1889?
Nyasaland becomes a protectorate.
38
What happened to Zanzibar in 1890?
Became a British protectorate.
39
What political change occurred in Cape Colony in 1890?
Cecil Rhodes becomes PM.
40
What conflict occurred in 1893?
First Ndebele War.
41
What status did Uganda achieve in 1894?
Became a protectorate.
42
What protectorate was established in 1895?
East Africa Protectorate.
43
Who was appointed Colonial Secretary in 1895?
Chamberlain.
44
What event occurred in 1895 involving Rhodes?
Jameson Raid.
45
What wars occurred in 1896?
Second Ndebele War and Zanzibar War.
46
What significant resignation happened in 1896?
Rhodes resigns as PM of Cape Colony.
47
What was formed in 1896?
Formation of Federation of Malay States.
48
What celebration occurred in 1897?
Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.
49
Who was appointed High Commissioner of South Africa in 1897?
Sir Alfred Milner.
50
What incident occurred in 1898?
Fashoda Incident and Battle of Omdurman (about 10,000 killed, 10,000 wounded, and 5,000 taken prisoner. The Anglo-Egyptian army suffered about 500 casualties).
51
What annexation occurred in Sudan in 1898?
Formal annexation of Sudan.
52
Who became Viceroy of India in 1898?
Curzon.
53
What major conflict began in 1899?
Second Boer War.
54
What agreement was established in 1899 regarding Sudan?
Anglo-Egyptian condominium over Sudan.
55
What war began in 1900?
First Anglo-Asante War (British representative, Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, sat on the Golden Stool., the death of 1,000 British and Allied soldiers and 2,000 Ashanti, sent Asantewaa into exile in the Seychelles).
56
What political change occurred in South Africa in 1902?
Union of South Africa established.
57
What territory was incorporated into the Gold Coast Protectorate in 1902?
Ashantiland.
58
What campaign did Chamberlain launch in 1903?
Campaign for tariff reform.
59
What significant event occurred in India in 1905?
Partition of Bengal.
60
What political change occurred in 1906?
Self-government restored to Transvaal and Orange River.
61
What status did New Zealand gain in 1907?
Dominion status.
62
What movement did Gandhi lead in 1907?
Non-violent movement.
63
What significant split occurred in 1907?
INC split.
64
What youth organization was founded in 1907?
Boy Scout movement.
65
What reforms were introduced in India in 1909?
Morley-Minto reforms.
66
What political change occurred in 1910?
Union of South Africa becomes a self-governing dominion.
67
What significant change occurred in 1911 regarding the capital of India?
Raj capital moved to New Delhi.
68
What conference took place in London in 1911?
Imperial Conference.
69
What organization was formed in South Africa in 1912?
ANC (African National Congress).
70
What political event occurred in Ireland in 1912?
Third Irish Home Rule Bill.
71
What crisis occurred in Ireland in 1913?
Crisis in Ireland.
72
What global conflict began in 1914?
World War I.
73
What happened to Home Rule for Ireland in 1914?
Suspended.
74
What status did Egypt achieve in 1914?
Became a protectorate.
75
What significant political change occurred in Nigeria in 1914?
Nigeria united.
76
What support did Britain provide in 1915?
Support for Arab homeland.
77
What uprising occurred in 1916?
Easter Rising.
78
What league was established in India in 1916?
Home Rule League.
79
What declaration was made in 1917?
Balfour Declaration.
80
What conference occurred in 1917?
Imperial War Conference.
81
What massacre occurred in India in 1919?
Amritsar Massacre.
82
What conflict began in Ireland in 1919?
Irish War for Independence.
83
What treaty was signed in 1919?
Treaty of Versailles.
84
What leadership role did Gandhi take in 1920?
Leads INC.
85
What territory became Kenya in 1920?
East Africa.
86
What act was passed in 1920 regarding Ireland?
Government of Ireland Act.
87
What political organization was formed in West Africa in 1920?
Formation of National Congress.
88
What independence was granted in 1922?
Independence to Egypt.
89
What civil conflict occurred in Ireland in 1922?
Irish Civil War.
90
What territory was created in 1922?
Creation of Transjordan.
91
What agreement was made at the Imperial Conference in 1926?
Agreed definition of Dominion status.
92
What economic event began in 1929?
Onset of Great Depression.
93
What legislation was passed in 1929?
Colonial Development Act.
94
What significant event occurred in 1930?
Gandhi Salt March.
95
What conference took place in 1930?
First Round Table Conference.
96
What act was passed in 1931?
Statute of Westminster.
97
What financial standard did Britain abandon in 1931?
Gold standard.
98
What conference occurred in 1932?
Ottawa Conference.
99
What act was passed in 1935?
Government of India Act.
100
What global conflict began in 1939?
World War II.
101
What significant military event occurred in 1942?
Fall of Singapore, Burma, Malaya.
102
What movement began in India in 1942?
Quit India Movement.
103
What major political change occurred in India in 1947?
India gains independence and partition creates Pakistan.
104
What withdrawal occurred in 1948?
Withdrawal from Palestine.
105
What independence was granted in 1948?
Ceylon and Burma gain independence.
106
What emergency occurred in Malaya in 1948?
Malayan Emergency.
107
What political change occurred in Ireland in 1948?
Ireland leaves Commonwealth.
108
What rebellion occurred in 1952?
Mau Mau Rebellion.
109
Who became PM of Gold Coast in 1952?
Nkrumah.
110
What significant event occurred in 1952 regarding the monarchy?
Elizabeth II becomes Queen.
111
What federation was created in 1953?
Creation of Central Africa Federation.
112
What withdrawal occurred in 1954?
Withdrawal from Sudan.
113
What military action occurred in 1954?
British troops removed from Egypt.
114
What crisis occurred in 1956?
Suez Crisis.
115
What independence was granted in 1957?
Gold Coast becomes independent as Ghana.
116
What independence was granted in 1957?
Malay States become independent as Malaysia.
117
What speech did Harold Macmillan give in 1960?
Wind of Change speech.
118
What countries gained independence in 1960?
Cyprus, Somaliland, Nigeria.
119
What countries became independent in 1961?
Sierra Leone, Tanganyika, Cameroon.
120
What significant political change occurred in 1961?
South Africa leaves Commonwealth.
121
What act was passed in 1962?
Commonwealth Immigration Act.
122
What countries gained independence in 1962?
Jamaica, Trinidad, Tobago.
123
What countries gained independence in 1963?
Kenya and Zanzibar.
124
What countries gained independence in 1964?
Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Malta.
125
What new country was formed in 1964?
Zanzibar and Tanganyika form Tanzania.
126
Who was elected as Premier of Southern Rhodesia in 1964?
Ian Smith.
127
What organization was established in 1965?
Commonwealth Secretariat in London.
128
What countries gained independence in 1965?
Gambia, Maldives, Cook Islands.
129
What declaration was made by Southern Rhodesia in 1965?
Declares unilateral independence.
130
What territories gained independence in 1966?
Bechuanaland, Basutoland, Barbados, British Guiana.
131
What significant event occurred in 1967?
British evacuate Aden, giving it independence.
132
Who was Consul-General in Egypt from 1883 to 1907?
Evelyn Baring
133
What did Emily Hobhouse report on in 1901?
Conditions in concentration camps during the Boer War
134
What was the result of the 1906 General Election in Britain?
Rejection of Chamberlain's proposals in favor of the Liberals'
135
What was the purpose of the 1902 London Colonial Conference?
Meeting for leaders from Britain and white settler colonies
136
When did the Swadeshi movement begin?
1905
137
What percent of British exports went to Tropical Africa in 1897?
0.012
138
When was the Imperial Federation League disbanded?
1893
139
What goal did the All India Muslim League adopt in 1913?
Self-government for India
140
When did New Zealand become semi-independent?
1907
141
When was the North-West Frontier Province created?
1901
142
When was the Egyptian National Party revived as a secret society?
1893
143
When was Bengal reunited?
1911
144
When was self-government restored to Transvaal and Orange River Colony?
1906
145
What did Curzon do in Tibet in 1903-04?
Mounted a temporary invasion
146
When did Australia become semi-independent?
1901
147
When did India become a Crown Colony?
1858
148
When were diamonds discovered in South Africa?
1867
149
When was the Suez Canal opened?
1869
150
When was Livingstone found?
1871
151
When was Griqualand West annexed to the Cape Colony?
1871
152
When did the Great Depression start?
1873
153
What did PM Disraeli secure in 1875?
Controlling stake in the Suez Canal
154
When did Victoria become Empress of India?
1876
155
When was the Transvaal annexed?
1877
156
When did the Zulu War begin?
1879
157
When did the First Boer War begin?
1880
158
When did the Mahdi Uprising in Sudan begin?
1881
159
When did the Mahdi Uprising in Sudan end?
1898
160
What was the Jameson Raid?
A failed raid in 1895 to overthrow the Boer government
161
When were the British defeated at Majuba Hill?
1881
162
When was the Berlin Conference held?
1884-85
163
When was the Indian National Congress formed?
1885
164
When was J. Chamberlain appointed Colonial Secretary?
1896
165
When did Curzon become Viceroy of India?
1898
166
When did Rhodes resign as PM?
1896
167
When was Milner appointed High Commissioner for South Africa?
1897
168
What did France and Britain agree on in 1890?
Britain's domination of Nigeria and French control of Madagascar
169
When did the Indian Civil Service reforms include Indian representation?
1892
170
When was Bengal partitioned?
1905
171
When did the Second Boer War begin?
1899
172
When was Sudan formally annexed?
1898
173
When did Britain and Germany agree on East Africa spheres of influence?
1890
174
When was the Imperial Cadet Corps created?
1901
175
What was the Fashoda Incident?
An 1898 Anglo-French standoff in Sudan
176
When was the Denshawai Incident?
1906
177
What was the Entente Cordiale?
1904 agreement between GB and France recognizing each other’s colonial claims
178
When was gold discovered in South Africa?
1886
179
When did the Royal Niger Company receive its charter?
1886
180
When was the Indian Mutiny?
1857
181
What were the Morley-Minto reforms?
1909 reforms increasing Indian participation in governance: (Central Legislative Council – from 16 to 60 members; Legislative Councils of Bengal, Madras, Bombay and United Provinces – 50 members each;
Legislative Councils of Punjab, Burma and Assam – 30 members each)
182
What were the consequences of free trade for British colonies?
Approximately 20% of foodstuffs and raw materials came from British colonies.
183
When was the Imperial British East Africa Company chartered?
1888
184
Where did the trouble begin in the Indian Mutiny?
Meerut
185
When was Rhodesia established?
1889
186
When was the British South Africa Company chartered?
1889
187
When did Cecil Rhodes become PM of Cape Colony?
1890
188
When was Ashantiland incorporated into the Gold Coast?
1902
189
When did Chamberlain launch his tariff reform campaign?
1903
190
When was the Boy Scout movement founded?
1907
191
When were the Morley-Minto Reforms enacted?
1909
192
When was the Imperial Conference in London held?
1911
193
When was the African National Congress formed in South Africa?
1912
194
When were the Ulster Volunteers formed?
The Ulster Volunteers was an Irish unionist, loyalist paramilitary organisation founded in 1912 to block domestic self-government ("Home Rule") for Ireland, which was then part of the United Kingdom. The Ulster Volunteers were based in the northern province of Ulster.
195
When did Egypt become a British protectorate?
1914
196
When was Nigeria unified?
1914
197
When did ANZACs land at Gallipoli?
1915: 16,000 Australian and New Zealand troops landed at what became known as Anzac Cove as part of a campaign to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula.
198
When was the Easter Rising?
1916
199
What was the Balfour Declaration (1st)?
1917 British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine
200
When were the Imperial War Conferences held?
1917
201
When was the Imperial War Cabinet created?
1917
202
When was the Amritsar Massacre?
1919
203
When did the Irish War of Independence begin?
1919
204
When did the Treaty of Versailles consider mandates?
1919
205
When did Gandhi become leader of the INC?
1920
206
When did British East Africa become Kenya?
1920
207
When was the National Congress of British West Africa formed?
1920
208
When did Egypt gain independence?
1922
209
When was the Irish Civil War?
1922
210
When was the Colonial Development Act passed?
1929
211
When was the Salt March and Civil Disobedience Campaign?
1930
212
When was the Statute of Westminster passed?
1931
213
When did Britain abandon the gold standard?
1931
214
When was the second Government of India Act?
1935
215
When was the Quit India Movement?
1942
216
When did India gain independence?
1947
217
When did Britain withdraw from Palestine?
1948
218
When did the ANC win power in South Africa?
1948
219
When did Ceylon become independent?
1948
220
When did Burma gain independence?
1948
221
When did the Communist insurgency begin in Malaya?
1948
222
When was the Malayan Emergency?
1948-1960
223
When did Ireland leave the Commonwealth?
1948
224
When was the Mau Mau Rebellion?
1952-1959
225
When did Nkrumah become PM of the Gold Coast?
1952
226
When was the Central African Federation created?
1953
227
When did British withdrawal from Sudan begin?
1954
228
When were British troops removed from Egypt?
1954
229
When did Nasser nationalize the Suez Canal?
1956
230
When was the Suez Crisis?
1956
231
When did the Gold Coast become Ghana?
1957
232
When did the Malay States become independent?
1957
233
When was the Government of India Act passed that ended EIC control?
1858 – Created India Council, Secretary of State for India, and Viceroy.
234
What was the Indian Civil Service (ICS)?
A professional bureaucracy of British officials to help administrate India.
235
How many princely states existed in India?
565.
236
When was the Indian National Congress formed?
1885.
237
What was the British to Indian troop ratio after 1858?
1:2.
238
What year was the Brussels Conference?
1876.
239
Who hosted the Brussels Conference?
King Leopold of Belgium.
240
When did the Berlin Conference take place?
1884-85.
241
Who hosted the Berlin Conference?
Otto von Bismarck.
242
What doctrine was established at the Berlin Conference?
Effective occupation – a power needed active administration to claim territory.
243
What type of agreements did Britain use to extend its informal empire?
Commercial agreements.
244
What year was the Indian Mutiny?
1857.
245
What short-term cause triggered the Indian Mutiny?
Cartridges greased with animal fat.
246
Who was Mary Carpenter?
Social reformer in India who helped establish education, especially for girls.
247
What stereotype were Indian schools said to produce?
Westernised Oriental Gentlemen.
248
How much railway was built per day in India after 1858?
2 miles per day.
249
How many new tea plantations were created in India between 1858–71?
294.
250
Who were the Bantu tribes?
300–600 ethnic groups speaking Bantu languages in Africa.
251
When were diamonds discovered in Kimberley, South Africa?
1867.
252
What year did the Boers refuse British federation proposals?
1875.
253
When did the Boers declare independence from Britain?
1880.
254
What was the Battle of Ulundi?
1879 – Zulus defeated by British (around 5,000 troops, faced an estimated 20,000 Zulu warriors)
255
When was the Battle of Majuba Hill?
1881.
256
What was the Convention of Pretoria?
1881 treaty granting Boer self-government after First Boer War.
257
Why did Britain annex Bechuanaland in 1885?
To prevent German-Boer alliance in South Africa.
258
Who founded the British South Africa Company?
Cecil Rhodes (1889).
259
When did Rhodes become PM of Cape Colony?
1890.
260
Which PM created the Imperial War Cabinet?
Lloyd George.
261
When was the Imperial War Cabinet created?
1917.
262
How much did India contribute financially to WWI?
£146 million.
263
What was the Montagu Declaration?
1917 promise of self-government for India in recognition of war support.
264
What did the 1917 Balfour Declaration state?
British support for a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.
265
How many Egyptians were recruited for WWI?
1.2 million.
266
What % of the world did the British Empire cover after WWI?
25%.
267
What were League of Nations mandates?
Territories transferred after WWI under legal supervision.
268
When was the League of Nations formed?
1920.
269
What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement?
1916 secret UK-FR agreement to divide the Middle East.
270
What mandate was particularly strategic for Britain?
Palestine.
271
When did the Easter Rising take place?
1916.
272
What treaty ended the Irish War of Independence?
Anglo-Irish Treaty, 1921.
273
When did Ireland gain full independence?
1937.
274
How many counties opted out of the Irish Free State?
6 Northern counties.
275
When did Egypt gain independence?
1922.
276
Egypt remained a client state until what year?
1954.
277
What did the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 allow?
Britain could maintain troops in the Suez Canal Zone.
278
When did Iraq gain independence?
1932.
279
What event ended the myth of white invincibility?
Japanese conquest of European colonies in Southeast Asia (1942).
280
What was the first Labour majority government in the UK?
Post-WWII, 1945.
281
What did the 1919 Government of India Act introduce?
Dyarchy and provincial legislative decentralization.
282
What was the 1919 Rowlatt Act?
Law allowing harsh punishment of Indian protestors.
283
How many were killed/wounded in the Amritsar Massacre?
379 dead, 1200 wounded.
284
Who led the Amritsar Massacre?
General Dyer.
285
What were the Round Table Conferences?
1930–31 meetings for Indian constitutional reform (failed).
286
What did the 1935 Government of India Act do?
Expanded voting and strengthened provincial assemblies.
287
Who led the All Muslim League?
Jinnah.
288
Who led the Indian National Congress?
Mahatma Gandhi.
289
When was the Indian National Army formed?
1942.
290
What was the Quit India Campaign?
1942 campaign led by Gandhi for British withdrawal.
291
How many arrested in 1930 Salt March?
60,000.
292
Who was Viceroy of India in 1947?
Mountbatten.
293
What did the Indian Independence Act of 1947 do?
Created India and Pakistan as independent dominions.
294
What were the partition-related casualties in India/Pakistan in 1947?
Estimated 1 million deaths.
295
How many refugees were created by Partition in 1947?
Over 10 million.
296
When did the British Mandate in Palestine begin?
1920.
297
What did the White Paper of 1939 do?
Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine.
298
What was the King David Hotel bombing?
1946 bombing by Irgun; 91 dead, British HQ destroyed.
299
When did Britain withdraw from Palestine?
1948.
300
Who declared the State of Israel in 1948?
David Ben-Gurion.
301
What conflict followed the creation of Israel?
1948 Arab-Israeli War.
302
What was the Statute of Westminster?
1931 – Gave dominions legislative independence.
303
Which dominions gained independence through the Statute of Westminster?
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa.
304
What was the purpose of the 1948 British Nationality Act?
Allowed all Commonwealth citizens to have British nationality.
305
What was the Windrush generation?
Caribbean migrants arriving in UK from 1948.
306
Who led the Mau Mau Uprising?
Kikuyu people in Kenya.
307
When did the Mau Mau Uprising occur?
1952–1960.
308
How did Britain respond to the Mau Mau?
Brutal suppression, detention camps, 11,000+ killed.
309
Who was Jomo Kenyatta?
Kenyan independence leader, jailed during Mau Mau; first PM of Kenya.
310
When did Kenya gain independence?
1963.
311
What was the Central African Federation?
Union of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland (1953–63).
312
When did Ghana gain independence?
1957.
313
Who led Ghana to independence?
Kwame Nkrumah.
314
When did Nigeria gain independence?
1960.
315
What did Macmillan’s “Wind of Change” speech signal?
Acknowledgment of African nationalism, shift in colonial policy.
316
When was the “Wind of Change” speech delivered?
1960.
317
When was the Suez Crisis?
1956.
318
What triggered the Suez Crisis?
Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal.
319
Which countries invaded Egypt during the Suez Crisis?
UK, France, Israel.
320
What was the outcome of the Suez Crisis?
Political humiliation for Britain; forced to withdraw.
321
What role did the USA play in the Suez Crisis?
Pressured UK/FR/Israel to withdraw; showed US dominance.
322
What was EOKA?
Greek-Cypriot terrorist group seeking union with Greece.
323
When was Cyprus granted independence?
1960.
324
What did the Commonwealth replace?
The British Empire.
325
What year was the modern Commonwealth founded?
1949.
326
What was the Commonwealth aim?
Voluntary cooperation of former colonies as equals.
327
When did Malaya gain independence?
1957.
328
What was the Malayan Emergency?
1948–60 communist insurgency; British used military + propaganda.
329
What is indirect rule?
Governing through existing local power structures.
330
What is direct rule?
British officials directly govern a colony.
331
What was settler colonialism?
Colonisation with permanent European settlers (e.g. Kenya, Rhodesia).
332
Who was Cecil Rhodes?
Imperialist, PM of Cape Colony, founder of De Beers and BSAC.
333
What was the De Beers company?
Diamond mining monopoly founded by Cecil Rhodes.
334
What was the Royal Niger Company?
British chartered company controlling trade/political rights in Nigeria.
335
What were chartered companies?
Private companies granted imperial privileges and governance.
336
What was the significance of the Suez Canal to Britain?
Key trade route to India and Asia; strategic military route.
337
When did Britain buy shares in the Suez Canal?
1875.
338
Who sold the Suez shares to Britain?
Khedive of Egypt.
339
What was the informal empire?
Areas under British influence without formal annexation (e.g. China, Argentina).
340
What was the formal empire?
Directly governed colonies under British control.
341
What was the Government of India Act 1858?
Ended EIC rule, created India Council, Secretary of State, and Viceroy.
342
What did the Indian Civil Service (ICS) do?
British bureaucracy for governing India.
343
How many princely states were in India?
565.
344
When was the Indian National Congress formed?
1885.
345
What was the ratio of British to Indian troops after 1858?
1:2.
346
What happened at the 1876 Brussels Conference?
Hosted by King Leopold to promote African exploration.
347
When was the Berlin Conference held?
1884–85.
348
Who hosted the Berlin Conference?
Otto von Bismarck.
349
What was 'effective occupation'?
A rule from Berlin Conference requiring real control for territorial claims in Africa.
350
What type of agreements did Britain use in its informal empire?
Commercial agreements.
351
When was the Indian Mutiny?
1857.
352
What sparked the Indian Mutiny?
Cartridges greased with animal fat.
353
Who was Mary Carpenter?
Social reformer who promoted girls' education in India.
354
What were 'Westernised Oriental Gentlemen'?
Stereotype for Indian elites educated in British schools.
355
How much railway was built daily in India after 1858?
2 miles.
356
How many tea plantations were established in India between 1858–71?
294.
357
Who were the Bantu tribes?
300–600 ethnic groups in Africa speaking Bantu languages.
358
When were diamonds discovered in Kimberley, South Africa?
1867.
359
When did the Boers reject federation with Britain?
1875.
360
When did the Boers declare independence?
1880.
361
What was the Battle of Ulundi?
1879 – Zulus defeated by the British.
362
What was the Battle of Majuba Hill?
1881 – Boers defeated the British.
363
What was the Convention of Pretoria?
Treaty recognizing Boer self-government after First Boer War.
364
Why did Britain annex Bechuanaland in 1885?
To block German-Boer alliance.
365
What was the British South Africa Company?
Chartered company founded by Cecil Rhodes in 1889.
366
When did Rhodes become PM of Cape Colony?
1890.
367
Who created the Imperial War Cabinet?
PM Lloyd George.
368
When was the Imperial War Cabinet formed?
1917.
369
What was India’s financial contribution to WWI?
£146 million.
370
What was the Montagu Declaration?
1917 – Promised Indian self-government.
371
What was the Balfour Declaration (1917)?
Supported a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
372
How many Egyptians were recruited in WWI?
1.2 million.
373
What % of the world did the British Empire cover after WWI?
25%.
374
What were League of Nations mandates?
Territories redistributed after WWI under League supervision.
375
When was the League of Nations founded?
1920.
376
What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement?
1916 – UK & France divided Middle East.
377
What was the importance of the Palestine mandate?
Strategic and economic significance to Britain.
378
When was the Easter Rising?
1916.
379
What was the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921?
Ended Irish guerrilla war, created Irish Free State.
380
When did Ireland gain full independence?
1937.
381
How many counties opted out of the Irish Free State?
6 northern counties (Ulster).
382
When did Egypt gain independence?
1922.
383
Until what year did Britain consider Egypt a client state?
1954.
384
What was the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 1936?
Allowed British troops in Suez Canal Zone.
385
When did Iraq gain independence?
1932.
386
What effect did Japan's WWII victories have on colonial rule?
Undermined myth of white invincibility.
387
What was a domestic consequence of WWII for British politics?
First Labour majority government.
388
What did the Government of India Act 1919 do?
Introduced dyarchy and provincial legislative powers.
389
What did the Rowlatt Act 1919 do?
Allowed repressive action against political dissent in India.
390
What were the casualties of the Amritsar Massacre?
379 dead, 1200 wounded.
391
Who ordered the Amritsar Massacre?
General Dyer.
392
What were the Round Table Conferences (1930–31)?
Unsuccessful talks on Indian constitutional reform.
393
What did the Government of India Act 1935 do?
Expanded voting, created Federation of India.
394
What was the All-India Muslim League?
Jinnah-led party pushing for Pakistan.
395
Who was Mahatma Gandhi?
Leader of Indian nationalism, Congress Party, advocate of non-violence.
396
When was the Indian National Army formed?
1942.
397
What was the 'Quit India' campaign?
Gandhi-led call for British withdrawal in 1942.
398
Who was Lord Mountbatten?
Last Viceroy of India; oversaw Partition in 1947.
399
When was Indian independence declared?
15 August 1947.
400
What was the Partition of India?
Division into India and Pakistan in 1947.
401
How many people were displaced by Partition?
Around 10 million.
402
How many died during Partition violence?
Estimated 1 million.
403
When did Burma gain independence?
1948.
404
When did Ceylon gain independence?
1948.
405
When was the Atlantic Charter issued?
1941.
406
What did the Atlantic Charter promise?
Right to self-determination for all peoples.
407
What was the significance of the UN Charter (1945) for empire?
Undermined colonialism by promoting self-rule.
408
What is decolonisation?
The process of ending colonial rule and granting independence.
409
What was the Mau Mau Uprising?
1952–60 Kenyan revolt against British rule.
410
How did Britain respond to Mau Mau?
Brutal repression, detention camps, 11,000+ killed.
411
Who was Jomo Kenyatta?
Leader of Kenyan independence movement, first PM/president.
412
What was the Rhodesian UDI?
1965 – Unilateral Declaration of Independence by white govt.
413
When did Zimbabwe gain independence?
1980.
414
Who was Robert Mugabe?
Leader of ZANU, first PM of independent Zimbabwe.
415
What was apartheid?
Racial segregation system in South Africa (1948–1994).
416
What was the Commonwealth of Nations?
Voluntary association of former British colonies.
417
When was the Commonwealth formed?
1949 (London Declaration).
418
What was the significance of Suez Crisis (1956)?
Humiliated Britain, marked decline of imperial power.
419
Who nationalised the Suez Canal?
Egyptian President Nasser.
420
What countries invaded Egypt in Suez Crisis?
Britain, France, Israel.
421
What ended the Suez intervention?
US and UN pressure.
422
What was the Wind of Change speech?
Macmillan’s 1960 speech supporting African independence.
423
What was the EEC?
European Economic Community – precursor to EU.
424
When did Britain join the EEC?
1973.
425
What was the significance of Britain joining the EEC for empire?
Shifted focus from empire to Europe.
426
What is the legacy of British imperialism?
Global English, common law, political instability, economic disparity.
427
What is neo-colonialism?
Continued economic/political dominance post-independence.
428
What is the Commonwealth Games?
Sports event among Commonwealth countries, started in 1930.
429
What was the 1948 British Nationality Act?
Granted citizenship and right of abode in UK to imperial subjects.
430
What was Windrush?
Ship bringing Caribbean migrants to Britain in 1948.
431
What was the impact of Windrush generation?
Increased diversity, faced racism, shaped modern Britain.
432
What was the British Nationality Act 1981?
Redefined citizenship, restricted immigration from former colonies.
433
What was the Empire Windrush scandal?
2018 – Wrongful detainment/deportation of legal Caribbean migrants.
434
What was the Falklands War?
1982 – UK vs Argentina over Falkland Islands.
435
Why was the Falklands War significant for empire?
Showed Britain would still defend territories.
436
What is the current status of British Overseas Territories?
14 self-governing remnants of empire.
437
Examples of British Overseas Territories today?
Bermuda, Gibraltar, Falklands, Cayman Islands, etc.
438
What is the British Council?
Cultural diplomacy org promoting UK education/language abroad.
439
What is the BBC World Service?
UK’s international broadcasting service, founded 1932.
440
What is the significance of the English language globally?
Lingua franca in business, science, diplomacy—due to empire.
441
What is the 'special relationship'?
Close political/military ties between UK and USA.
442
What are imperial legacies in law/politics?
Parliamentary systems, common law, bureaucracies in ex-colonies.
443
What is a chartered company?
Private company given colonial privileges.
444
What is a chartered company?
Private company given colonial rights (e.g., EIC, BSAC).
445
Term
Definition
446
Indian Mutiny (Sepoy Rebellion)
A major uprising against the British East India Company's rule in 1857.
447
Government of India Act
Transferred control from the East India Company to the British Crown in 1858.
448
Opening of the Suez Canal
Significantly reduced travel time to India
449
Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India
Symbolized imperial consolidation in 1877.
450
Berlin Conference
European powers formalized the 'Scramble for Africa' in 1884-85
451
Second Boer War
Conflict in South Africa from 1899 to 1902 highlighting tensions between British imperialism and settler independence.
452
Amritsar Massacre
British troops killed hundreds of Indian civilians in 1919
453
Statute of Westminster
Granted legislative independence to Dominions like Canada and Australia in 1931.
454
Indian Independence and Partition
Creation of India and Pakistan in 1947
455
Suez Crisis
Britain's failed attempt to regain control of the Suez Canal in 1956
456
Wind of Change speech
Speech by PM Harold Macmillan in 1960 acknowledging the rise of African nationalism and impending decolonization.
457
Kenya gains independence
Part of a broader wave of African decolonization in 1963.
458
Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
White minority government declared independence from Britain in 1965
459
Lord Curzon
Viceroy of India (1899-1905); implemented educational reforms and infrastructure projects but faced criticism over the partition of Bengal.
460
Joseph Chamberlain
Colonial Secretary; advocated for imperial unity and economic development within the Empire.
461
Cecil Rhodes
Prime Minister of Cape Colony; instrumental in British expansion in southern Africa and founder of Rhodesia.
462
Mahatma Gandhi
Led non-violent resistance against British rule in India; pivotal in achieving independence.
463
Kwame Nkrumah
First Prime Minister and President of Ghana; led the country to independence in 1957.
464
Jomo Kenyatta
Leader of Kenya's independence movement; became the nation's first Prime Minister and President.
465
Julius Nyerere
Key figure in Tanzanian independence
466
Obafemi Awolowo
Nigerian nationalist and key advocate for independence; major figure in the formation of modern Nigeria.
467
Robert Mugabe
Zimbabwean revolutionary who played a significant role in the independence movement in Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe).
468
Patrice Lumumba
First Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
469
Ahmed Ben Bella
First President of Algeria after its independence from France; symbol of post-colonial African leadership.
470
Haile Selassie
Emperor of Ethiopia and leader during the Italian invasion; prominent figure in Pan-Africanism.
471
The London Declaration
Redefined the Commonwealth as a free association of independent member states in 1949.
472
Elizabeth II (b.1926)
Oversaw the transition of many colonies to independent nations while maintaining strong Commonwealth ties.
473
Harold Macmillan (1894-1986)
British Prime Minister who recognised the inevitability of decolonisation through his 'Wind of Change' speech.
474
Lee Kuan Yew (1923-2015)
First Prime Minister of Singapore; led it from colonial status to an independent
475
Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)
First Prime Minister of India; pivotal in establishing India's position in the Commonwealth post-independence.
476
Territorial Reach
At its zenith in 1919
477
Population
By 1939
478
Economic Impact
In the early 20th century
479
Military Contribution
During World War I
480
Decolonization Pace
Between 1947 and 1967
481
Benjamin Disraeli
Prime Minister (1874-1880) who championed the idea of 'Popular Imperialism
482
Joseph Chamberlain
Colonial Secretary (1895-1903) who promoted 'Imperial Preference' and strengthened colonial trade; saw Empire as a means to boost British industry.
483
Cecil Rhodes
Prime Minister of Cape Colony who advocated for British expansion in Southern Africa
484
Lord Curzon
Viceroy of India (1899-1905) who focused on consolidating British control in India; initiated infrastructure projects and strengthened border regions.
485
David Livingstone
Explorer who pushed British influence in Africa through exploration
486
Lord Kitchener
Military Commander who defeated the Mahdist forces at Omdurman (1898)
487
Lord Salisbury
Key figure in the Berlin Conference
488
Herbert Kitchener
Instrumental in Sudan and the Boer War; became a symbol of imperial military power.
489
Lord Linlithgow
Oversaw India during WWII; his policies led to famine and unrest
490
General Dyer
Infamous for ordering troops to fire on unarmed civilians
491
Lord Mountbatten
Oversaw the transition to independence for India and Pakistan in 1947.
492
Evelyn Baring (Lord Cromer)
Controlled Egyptian finances and governance after the occupation of Egypt (1882).
493
Mahatma Gandhi
Led non-violent resistance against British rule through the Salt March and Quit India Movement.
494
Jawaharlal Nehru
Architect of modern India; oversaw the country's independence and development post-1947.
495
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Key figure in the creation of Pakistan during the Partition of India.
496
Jomo Kenyatta
Led Kenya to independence from Britain after the Mau Mau Uprising.
497
Kwame Nkrumah
Orchestrated Ghana's independence in 1957
498
Ian Smith
Led the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (1965)
499
Winston Churchill
Advocated for Empire preservation; opposed Indian independence.
500
Clement Attlee
Overseer of Indian independence; supported decolonisation due to post-WWII economic strain.
501
Anthony Eden
Orchestrated the Suez Crisis (1956)
502
Harold Macmillan
Prime Minister (1957-63) delivered the 'Wind of Change' speech acknowledging African nationalism.
503
Harold Wilson
Prime Minister (1964-70
504
Indian Rebellion / Sepoy Mutiny
Triggered the end of East India Company rule and the establishment of the British Raj under the Crown.
505
Opening of the Suez Canal
Shortened the sea route to India
506
Royal Titles Act & Delhi Durbar
Victoria was declared Empress of India
507
Berlin Conference
Laid down rules for African colonisation
508
Battle of Omdurman
Sudan
509
Second Boer War
Demonstrated imperial military strength but also exposed vulnerabilities
510
First World War
Imperial manpower
511
Amritsar Massacre (Jallianwala Bagh)
Galvanised Indian nationalism
512
Statute of Westminster
Granted legislative independence to Dominions
513
Indian and Pakistani Independence
The partition led to mass migrations and violence
514
Mau Mau Uprising
Kenya
515
Suez Crisis
British military humiliation marked a shift in global influence towards the USA and USSR.
516
Wind of Change Speech
Acknowledged the irreversible rise of African nationalism and the need for decolonisation.
517
Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Marked the end of British control in Southern Africa and international sanctions.
518
British Withdrawal from Aden
Seen as the final military pullback 'East of Suez
519
Peak Land-Mass (1920)
13 million miles (~24% of the world's land).
520
Boer War Cost
£200 million and 22
521
Empire's Economic Dependence (1913)
≈37% of British exports went to the Empire.
522
WWI Indian Contribution
1.3 million Indian soldiers served; 74
523
Decolonisation Pace (1947-1967)
Over 20 colonies achieved independence.
524
First World War
Imperial contributions were critical
525
Treaty of Versailles & Mandate System
Britain gained control over former Ottoman territories (Palestine
526
Amritsar Massacre (Jallianwala Bagh)
British troops killed hundreds of Indian civilians
527
Egyptian Independence
Semi-independence was granted to Egypt
528
Salt March
A non-violent protest against British salt taxes
529
Statute of Westminster
Granted full legislative independence to Dominions like Canada
530
Government of India Act
Established provincial autonomy and expanded Indian participation in governance
531
Quit India Movement
Mass civil disobedience demanding an end to British rule in India; led to widespread arrests and violence.
532
End of World War II
Britain emerged victorious but economically weakened
533
Indian Independence & Partition
Marked the partition into India and Pakistan
534
Withdrawal from Palestine
British withdrawal allowed for the declaration of the State of Israel
535
Mau Mau Uprising
Kenya
536
Suez Crisis
A significant event involving Anthony Eden and Gamal Abdel Nasser.
537
Suez Crisis
Britain's failed attempt to seize control of the Suez Canal from Egypt; marked the symbolic end of Britain as a global superpower.
538
Wind of Change Speech
Acknowledged the rise of African nationalism and the inevitability of decolonisation across the continent.
539
South Africa Leaves the Commonwealth
South Africa declared itself a republic and exited the Commonwealth due to its apartheid policies.
540
Kenyan Independence
Kenya achieved independence after years of violent struggle and political negotiation.
541
Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
The white-minority government declared independence from Britain
542
British Withdrawal from Aden
Marked the final military pullback 'East of Suez
543
Colonial Troops in WWII
Over 2.5 million Indian soldiers served
544
Cost of Suez Crisis
£564 million in today's money
545
Wind of Change Impact
18 African countries achieved independence between 1960 and 1965.
546
Kenya's Mau Mau Rebellion Casualties
Estimated 20
547
End of the Empire
By 1967
548
Indian Rebellion / Sepoy Mutiny
Triggered a complete overhaul of imperial governance and convinced Parliament to replace the EIC with direct Crown rule.
549
Opening of the Suez Canal
Cut the London-Bombay sea route by c. 4
550
Royal Titles Act & Delhi Durbar
Victoria proclaimed Empress of India; symbolised formal imperial consolidation and Disraeli's brand of 'popular imperialism.'
551
Berlin Conference
Laid the rules for the 'scramble for Africa'; Britain secured Egypt-Cape corridor and Niger basin influence.
552
Battle of Omdurman
Kitchener's victory ensured control of the Nile and showcased modern military technology.
553
Second Boer War
Demonstrated limits of imperial power
554
Benjamin Disraeli
Framed empire as a unifying national mission (Crystal Palace speech 1872).
555
Joseph Chamberlain
Colonial Secretary 1895‑1903; championed tariff reform and imperial preference.
556
Cecil Rhodes
Pushed British expansion north of the Zambezi ("Cape‑to‑Cairo" ideal) and founded Rhodesia.
557
Lord Curzon
Viceroy of India 1899‑1905; expanded frontier control and controversially partitioned Bengal.
558
Peak land‑mass
By 1920 the empire covered 13 million miles (~24% of the world's land).
559
Boer War cost
£200 million and 22
560
Export dependency
The empire took ≈37% of British exports in 1913
561
First World War
Imperial manpower (notably India's 1.3 million volunteers) sustained the Allied war effort and fuelled later nationalist claims.
562
Amritsar (Jallianwala Bagh) Massacre
Galvanised Indian nationalism and discredited moral claims of the Raj.
563
Statute of Westminster
Gave Dominions full legislative independence - a constitutional milestone in imperial devolution.
564
Indian & Pakistani independence
Marked the end of Britain's "jewel in the crown" and signalled accelerating decolonisation.
565
Mau Mau Emergency
Kenya
566
Suez Crisis
Diplomatic humiliation underscored Britain's reduced global clout and forced a strategic "east of Suez" rethink.
567
Macmillan's "Wind of Change" speech
Publicly acknowledged unstoppable African nationalism.
568
Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Showed the empire's last‑ditch settler resistance and provoked international sanctions.
569
British withdrawal from Aden
Widely viewed as the final military pull‑back "east of Suez."
570
M. K. Gandhi
Pioneered mass civil‑disobedience; Quit India 1942.
571
Jawaharlal Nehru
First Prime Minister of independent India; articulated non‑aligned Commonwealth vision.
572
Kwame Nkrumah
Led Ghana to become the first sub‑Saharan African colony to win independence (1957).
573
Harold Macmillan
Conservative PM who accepted decolonisation as a political fact (1960 speech).
574
Indian contribution to WWI
≈1.3 million Indian soldiers served; 74
575
Pace of decolonisation
Over 20 colonies achieved independence between 1947 and 1967
