Relations with natives Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
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A
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2
Q
What event marked the end of East India Company’s rule in India?
A
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 led to the British Crown taking direct control in 1858.
3
Q
When did the British government formally assume control over India?
A
June 1858.
4
Q
What happened to the Mughal Emperor’s family after the 1857 Rebellion?
A
The Emperor’s sons were executed, ending the Mughal dynasty’s power.
5
Q
What massacre during the 1857 Rebellion increased British hostility?
A
The Cawnpore massacre, where British women and children were killed.
6
Q
What percentage of Indians were illiterate in 1872?
A
About 96.75%.
7
Q
What was the literacy rate in Britain around 1870?
A
Roughly 75% literate, so about 25% illiterate.
8
Q
Which policy promoted English-language education in India?
A
Wood’s Despatch of 1854.
9
Q
When were the universities of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras established?
A
1857
10
Q
What was the aim of these universities?
A
To be examining bodies, not teaching institutions.
11
Q
How did British trade policies affect Indian industry?
A
Cheap British goods flooded the market, harming local industries.
12
Q
What infrastructure development was prioritized in British India?
A
Railways, mainly for trade and military use.
13
Q
How accessible was education to Indians during British rule?
A
Very limited, mostly available to elites.
14
Q
When were diamonds discovered near Kimberley?
A
1867, triggering a diamond rush.
15
Q
What territory did Britain annex in 1868?
A
Basutoland, displacing Khoikhoi and Sotho peoples.
16
Q
How much did Britain pay the Orange Free State in 1869?
A
£90,000 to settle territorial disputes near Kimberley.
17
Q
When was Griqualand West annexed by Britain?
A
1871
18
Q
When was the Pretoria Convention signed?
A
1881, granting the Transvaal self-government.
19
Q
What caused the First Anglo-Boer War (1880-1881)?
A
Boers attacked British garrisons in Transvaal.
20
Q
What was the result of the First Anglo-Boer War?
A
British defeat at Majuba Hill and Transvaal self-government.
21
Q
When was gold discovered at Witwatersrand?
A
1886, attracting thousands of British settlers (“Uitlanders”).
22
Q
What was the Jameson Raid?
A
A failed 1895 attempt by British forces to incite an uprising in the Transvaal.
23
Q
When did the South African War (Second Boer War) take place?
A
1899–1902.
24
Q
What tactics did Britain use in the South African War?
A
Scorched earth and concentration camps.
25
What treaty ended the South African War?
Treaty of Vereeniging, 1902.
26
When was the Union of South Africa formed?
1910
27
What was the cause of tensions between British and Boers in the late 19th century?
Competing control of resources, especially diamonds and gold.
28
How did the discovery of gold affect Boer republics?
It attracted British settlers, increasing tensions.
29
What was the significance of Uitlanders?
British immigrants in the Transvaal who were denied political rights by Boers.
30
What was the outcome of the 1881 Pretoria Convention?
British recognized Transvaal’s self-government under Boer control.
31
How did the British government respond to the Jameson Raid?
Publicly condemned it but worsened relations with the Boers.
32
How many British settlers moved to South Africa by 1900?
Over 60,000, mainly to the goldfields.
33
What was the political status of the Orange Free State during the Boer Wars?
An independent Boer republic allied with the Transvaal.
34
What was the long-term impact of the Boer Wars on British imperial policy?
It led to tighter British control and eventual unification of South Africa.
35
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36
When did the Ashanti Wars take place?
Between 1823 and 1900, multiple conflicts; notably 1900 was the War of the Golden Stool.
37
What was the significance of the Ashanti War of 1900?
British sought to annex the Ashanti kingdom but faced fierce resistance.
38
What was the role of Samori Touré?
Leader who resisted French colonial expansion in West Africa during the late 19th century.
39
When was the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan?
1881–1899.
40
Who led the Mahdist Revolt?
Muhammad Ahmad declared himself the Mahdi, leading a religious and nationalist uprising.
41
What was the outcome of the Mahdist Revolt?
The British-Egyptian forces defeated the Mahdists in 1898 under Kitchener.
42
What challenges did European powers face in Africa during this period?
Guerrilla resistance, harsh terrain, disease, and local political complexities.
43
When did the Anglo-Zulu War occur?
1879
44
What was the outcome of the Anglo-Zulu War?
British victory; Zulu kingdom annexed.
45
What tactics did the Zulu use against the British?
Traditional military formations like the 'horns of the buffalo'.
46
What were the causes of the Second Boer War (1899-1902)?
Tensions over control of gold-rich Transvaal and rights of Uitlanders.
47
What was the significance of the Battle of Isandlwana?
1879 battle where Zulu forces inflicted a major defeat on British troops.
48
How did the British respond to Boer guerrilla tactics?
Implemented scorched earth policy and established concentration camps.
49
When was the Treaty of Vereeniging signed?
1902, ending the Second Boer War.
50
What was the initial British public opinion about the Boer War?
Mixed; initially supportive but grew critical as war dragged on.
51
How did the war influence British military reforms?
Led to improvements in training, tactics, and army structure post-1902.
52
What criticism did the British face regarding concentration camps?
High civilian death tolls due to poor conditions and neglect.
53
Which historian criticized British imperialism post-Boer War?
J.A. Hobson argued the war exposed capitalist motives behind imperialism.
54
How did the Boer War affect British attitudes toward imperialism?
Created skepticism and debate over the costs and morality of empire.
55
When did the British gain control over Iranian oil?
1908, discovery of oil in Masjed Soleyman.
56
What company controlled Iranian oil?
Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later BP).
57
How did British interests influence Iranian politics?
Britain supported the Shah and suppressed nationalist movements threatening oil interests.
58
What was the significance of the 1919 Anglo-Persian Agreement?
Britain sought to increase influence, but it was rejected by Iranian parliament and public.
59
How did oil revenues affect British imperial strategy?
Oil became strategically vital for the Royal Navy and imperial economy.
60
What was the significance of the 1857 Rebellion?
Marked the end of East India Company rule and start of direct British Crown governance.
61
When was the Indian National Congress founded?
1885, as a platform for Indian political voices.
62
What reforms did the British introduce post-1857?
Reorganization of army, civil service, and education system to consolidate control.
63
When did Gandhi rise as a leader in India?
Early 20th century, notably after 1915.
64
What was the impact of the 1919 Rowlatt Acts?
Repressive laws that sparked widespread protests and violence.
65
What major event occurred at Jallianwala Bagh?
1919 massacre where British troops fired on unarmed protesters, killing hundreds.
66
When did the Government of India Act pass?
1935, giving limited self-government to Indian provinces.
67
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68
What event in 1914 led to a pause in Home Rule discussions in Ireland?
Parliament legislated to pause Home Rule discussions until after the end of World War I.
69
What was the outcome of the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin?
66 Irish rebels and 143 British troops were killed; 66 rebels were executed, and thousands were arrested.
70
Which political party won the majority of Irish seats in the 1918 elections?
Sinn Féin won the majority and declared Ireland its own republic.
71
What was the significance of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty?
It established the 'Irish Free State' as a British dominion, though the Unionist Protestant counties rejected it.
72
When did Ireland become a full republic?
In 1937, Ireland was set up as a full Republic and remained neutral during World War II.
73
What was the status of Ireland by 1948?
By 1948, the Republic of Ireland existed as a fully separate state from Britain.
74
How many Indian soldiers volunteered for military service during World War I?
Over 2 million Indian soldiers volunteered, playing a major role in campaigns in the Middle East and North Africa.
75
What was the casualty count for Indian soldiers during World War I?
Approximately 24,000 killed; 64,000 wounded; 12,000 missing (probably dead); and 60,000 captured at Singapore in 1942.
76
What economic impact did World War I have on India?
London paid most of the cost of the Indian Army, erasing India's national debt and ending the war with a surplus of £1,300 million.
77
How did industrial output in India change during World War I?
Industrial output increased: textiles up 16%, steel up 18%, and chemicals up 30%.
78
What was the Cripps Mission of 1942?
A British attempt to secure Indian nationalist cooperation in the war effort in exchange for postwar independence, which ultimately failed.
79
What was the Quit India Movement?
A 1942 mass protest demanding immediate British withdrawal from India, leading to widespread arrests and civil disobedience.
80
When were political prisoners released in India?
In 1945, following the end of World War II and the Labour Party's victory in UK elections.
81
What was Britain's response to Egyptian protests in 1919?
Britain exiled Egyptian nationalist leader Saad Zaghlul on 8th March 1919, leading to weeks of strikes and demonstrations.
82
When did Britain grant Egypt independence?
In 1922, while retaining control over the Suez Canal area.
83
What was the Peel Report of 1937?
A British proposal recommending the partition of Palestine to resolve Arab-Jewish tensions, which was not implemented.
84
What was the Jewish population of Palestine in 1936?
The Jewish population rose to 400,000, with a total population of 1.2 million.
85
What was the British policy in Iraq post-World War I?
Britain established a League of Nations Mandate in 1918, favoring direct rule and maintaining a strong British presence.
86
When did Iraq gain formal independence?
In 1933, though British influence remained significant.
87
What was the role of the Turkish Petroleum Company in Iraq?
Established in 1925, it was given a monopoly on oil exploration and production in Iraq.
88
What was the significance of the Suez Canal to Britain?
It was a vital shipping route connecting Britain to India and the Middle East.
89
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90
What year did India and Pakistan gain independence?
1947
91
What was the British response to growing colonial independence movements after 1947?
Britain gradually decolonised most of its empire through negotiated settlements.
92
What political event in 1948 challenged British control in Malaya?
The Malayan Emergency, a guerrilla war fought against communist insurgents.
93
When did Burma gain independence from Britain?
1948
94
What role did the Commonwealth play post-1947?
It helped maintain diplomatic and economic ties between Britain and former colonies.
95
When did the Mau Mau Uprising take place?
1952-1960
96
What was the main cause of the Mau Mau Uprising?
Discontent over land ownership and political rights by the Kikuyu people.
97
Approximately how many Kikuyu were detained during the Mau Mau rebellion?
Up to 80
98
How many British troops were deployed in Kenya during the Mau Mau uprising?
Around 12
99
When did Kenya gain independence?
1963
100
What controversial policy did the British use during the Mau Mau Uprising?
Use of detention camps and military operations against suspected rebels.
101
When did Nigeria gain independence?
1960
102
What was a major challenge Nigeria faced after independence?
Ethnic tensions and regional divisions, including the Biafran conflict later.
103
When did Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe) declare unilateral independence?
1965
104
What was Britain's stance on Rhodesia's UDI?
Britain refused to recognise the UDI and imposed economic sanctions.
105
When did Rhodesia officially become Zimbabwe?
1980
106
What was the main cause of Rhodesia's independence struggle?
White minority rule and demands for majority African governance.
107
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108
When was the Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny) that marked a key indigenous uprising against British rule?
1857
109
What percentage of India’s population was directly governed by the British Raj by the early 20th century?
About 60%; the rest was under princely states.
110
How many indigenous Maori fought alongside the British in the New Zealand Wars?
Approximately 4
111
When was the Indian Councils Act passed
increasing Indian representation?
112
What was the outcome of the Amritsar Massacre in 1919?
379 killed and over 1,000 wounded when British troops fired on peaceful protesters.
113
How many Africans were conscripted to fight for Britain in World War I?
About 2 million Africans served in various campaigns.
114
When was the Aboriginal Protection Act enacted in Australia?
1869 (Victoria)
115
How many indigenous Australians were forcibly removed from their families during the Stolen Generations (approximate period)
116
What was the significance of the 1931 Statute of Westminster for indigenous populations?
It granted legislative independence to dominions like Canada
117
How many indigenous people died in the Herero and Namaqua genocide in German South-West Africa (though not British
influenced imperial attitudes)?
118
When did the British pass the Native Land Act in South Africa?
1913
119
How many Indian indentured laborers were sent to British colonies between 1834-1917?
Around 1.3 million
120
What was the impact of the 1930 Salt March led by Gandhi?
Sparked mass civil disobedience
121
How many African soldiers fought for the British in World War II?
Over 1 million African soldiers participated in various theaters.
122
When was the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya
highlighting indigenous resistance?
123
How many indigenous Australians gained the right to vote in federal elections by 1962?
All Aboriginal Australians were granted the federal vote.
124
What percentage of land did indigenous peoples in Canada retain after the Indian Act of 1876?
Less than 10% of their original territories.
125
When was the Native Lands Act (New Zealand) passed?
1865
126
How many indigenous people were forcibly relocated in Canada during the residential school era?
Over 150
127
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128
What was the significance of the Indian Councils Act 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)?
It introduced limited Indian representation in legislative councils and separate electorates for Muslims.
129
How many Indian soldiers died in World War I?
Approximately 74
130
When was the Aboriginal Protection Board established in New South Wales?
1883
131
What was the Native Administration Act of 1927 in South Africa?
It expanded government control over African populations and restricted movements.
132
How many Africans were conscripted to work on the construction of the Uganda Railway (1896-1901)?
About 32
133
When was the Amritsar Massacre ordered by General Dyer?
13 April 1919.
134
What proportion of the Indian population was illiterate by 1947?
About 85%.
135
How many Maori signed the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840
and what was its later impact?
136
How many Indians served in World War II?
Over 2.5 million served.
137
What was the effect of the 1901 Australian Immigration Restriction Act?
Known as the White Australia Policy
138
How many Africans fought in the East African Campaign of World War I?
Over 100
139
When was the system of Native Reserves formally introduced in Kenya?
1939
140
How many people were interned in British camps during the Mau Mau uprising?
Up to 80
141
What was the Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 in South Africa?
It created tribal homelands and gave traditional leaders administrative powers
142
When was the first Indian National Congress meeting held?
1885
143
How many Indian indentured workers were sent to Fiji between 1879 and 1916?
About 60
144
What was the population of indigenous Australians around 1900?
Estimated 300
145
How many African soldiers served in the British West African Frontier Force during WWI?
About 200
146
When did the British government abolish the practice of indentured labor?
Officially in 1917 in most colonies.
147
How many Maori served in the New Zealand forces during World War I?
Approximately 2
