deck_771610 Flashcards
Side Effects of Chemotherapy
Hair LossGI Tract: nausea and vommittingSusceptibility to infection, hemorrhage, anemia (suppresses bone marrow)liver or kidney damage
Chemotherapy: Alkylating Agents
Cell cycle non-specific drugs: Transfer alkyl groups to cellular constituents especially DNA, crosslink the paired DNA strands. Alkylated or strand crosslinked DNA cannot undergo replication.
Cyclophosphamide
Alkylating agent: must be metabolically activated in liver
Mechlorethamine
Alkylating Agent: Shortest duration- only used by IV injection
Chlorambucil
Alkylating Agent: Least toxic alkylating agent
Carmustine
Alkylating Agent: Alkylate RNA (and DNA)- lipid soluble, crosses blood-brain barrier and exerts effects on brain tumors
Lomustine
Alkylating Agent: Alkylate RNA (and DNA)- lipid soluble, crosses blood-brain barrier and exerts effects on brain tumors
Cisplatin
Binds to and cross-links DNA (although not alkylating agent); inhibits DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and cell replication.Adverse effect: Renal toxicity- can be prevented by proper hydration
Mitomycin
Antibiotic; Alkylates DNA and causes DNA strand breakage
Uses of alkylating agents
Hodgkin’s disease, lymphoma, leukemia; ovarian, breast, testicular CA; head, neck, lung CA; Neuroblastomas, brain tumors
Side-effects of Alkylating Agents
Inhibition of cell replication in rapidly replicating normal cells (GI, skin, bone marrow)-Nausea, hair loss, bone marrow suppression (tiredness, increase bleed time, increased infection), renal toxicity
Chemotherapy: Antimetabolites
Cell cycle-specific drug: Synthesis (S) stagesubstitutes normal precursors used by cells to form the A,G, C and T bases; drug binds to and blocks the activity of nucleotide-synthesizing enzymes so that DNA cannot be synthesized
Side effects of Antimetabolites
Inhibition of cell replication in rapidly replicating normal cells (GI, skin, bone marrow)-Nausea, hair loss, bone marrow suppression (tiredness, increase bleed time, increased infection)
6-Mercaptopurine
Antimetabolite: Purine Analog (purine antagonist)– substitute for guanine (G) in DNA, produces abnormal DNA, failure of cell replication, failure of normal protein production–> cell death
Thioguanine
Antimetabolite: Purine Analog (purine antagonist)– substitute for guanine (G) in DNA, produces abnormal DNA, failure of cell replication, failure of normal protein production–> cell death
5-Florouracil
Antimetabolite: Pyrimidine analog (pyrimidine antagonist); Substitutes for uracil which is precursor for thymidine (T), production of abnormal DNA, failure of cell replication, failure of normal protein production –> Cell Death
Cytosine Arabinoside (cytarabine)
Antimetabolite: Pyrimidine analog (pyrimidine antagonist); Substitutes for cytosine (C), incorporated into DNA (instead of cytosine), production of abnormal DNA, failure of cell replication, failure of normal protein production –> Cell Death
Methotrexate
Antimetabolite: Folic Acid analog (Folate antagonist); Inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (production of thymidine), inhibits production of thymine from folate, reduced DNA production, failure of cell replication, failure of normal protein production –>cell death
uses of antimetabolites
brease, colorectal CA, osteosarcoma, leukemias, non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
Vinblastin
Mitotic Inhibitor; prevent mitosis and cell divisionMech: Binds to tubulin and prevents normal movement of of large molecules and cells within cell (particularly effective in Neurons)- tubulin dysfunction disrupts chromosome separationUses: Hematologic CA (leukemias) and breast CA/other solid tumorsSide Effects: Nausea, hair loss, bone marrow suppression (fatigue, increased bleeding time, infection), NEUROPATHY
Vincristine
Mitotic Inhibitor; prevent mitosis and cell divisionMech: Binds to tubulin and prevents normal movement of of large molecules and cells within cell (particularly effective in Neurons)- tubulin dysfunction disrupts chromosome separationUses: Hematologic CA (leukemias) and breast CA/other solid tumorsSide Effects: Nausea, hair loss, bone marrow suppression (fatigue, increased bleeding time, infection), NEUROPATHY
Paclitaxel
Mitotic Inhibitor; prevent mitosis and cell divisionMech: Binds to tubulin and prevents normal movement of of large molecules and cells within cell (particularly effective in Neurons)- tubulin dysfunction disrupts chromosome separationUses: Hematologic CA (leukemias) and breast CA/other solid tumorsSide Effects: Nausea, hair loss, bone marrow suppression (fatigue, increased bleeding time, infection), NEUROPATHY
DNA Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Inhibit topoisomerase which maintains and replicates DNA; Causes DNA strand breakage
Etoposide
DNA Topoisomerase Inhibitor: inhibit DNA maintenance and replication (causes DNA strand breakage)Uses: Ovarian, colorectal, testicular, and lung CAAdverse effects: Nausea, hair loss, bone marrow suppression (Fatigue, increase bleed time, infection)