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defence against disease Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cancer

A

the uncontrolled growth of cells, mitosis is faulty

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a benign tumour(5)

A

don’t invade other tissues, grow in 1 place, usually contained in a membrane, can grow large very quickly, can cause pressure and damage organs

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a malignant tumour(8)

A

can invade healthy tissues, live longer, rapid division, can spread around the body, can completely disrupt normal tissues, can form secondary tumours elsewhere, can split into clumps and spread in the bloodstream

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3
Q

what cancers does smoking lead to(4)

A

stomach, mouth, lung, throat

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4
Q

what cancers does alcohol lead to(2)

A

brain, liver

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5
Q

what cancer does ray exposure lead to

A

skin

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6
Q

what increases the risk of cancer(4)

A

smoking, alcohol, wave exposure, genetics

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7
Q

why do we use sunscream in the summer

A

protect skin from harmful UV rays so reduce risk of cancer

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8
Q

why can’t pregnant women be x rayed

A

x ray radiation could harm the unborn baby, so it could give it cancer

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9
Q

why were schools shut down when asbestos was found in them

A

asbestos lodges in the lungs and creates lung cancer so when breathed in it is dangerous

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10
Q

why are girls routinely vaccinated against HPV

A

HPV contraction can lead to cervical cancer

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11
Q

why is your family history checked when checking for breast cancer

A

genetic heritage could pass on genes that cause breast cancer

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12
Q

what does obesity increase the risk of

A

coronary heart disease

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13
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes infectious diseases

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14
Q

what are the 4 pathogen types

A

bacteria, virus, fungi, protists

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15
Q

what is the size of bacteria

A

0.2- 2 micrometres

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16
Q

what is the size of virus

A

20-400 nanometres

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17
Q

what is the size of fungi

A

3-4 micrometres

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18
Q

what is the size of protist

A

10-100 micrometres

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19
Q

where do bacteria reproduce

A

in blood and between tissues

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20
Q

where do viruses reproduce

A

invades cells and injects the virus DNA into them

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21
Q

where do fungi reproduce

A

damp conditions E.g. foot

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22
Q

where do protists reproduce

A

in blood, they use vectors to reach their host organisms

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23
Q

what effects does bacteria have on the body

A

damage outside of cells, waste products after reproduction make us feel ill

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24
what effects do viruses have on the body
cells burst and make you feel sick
25
what effects does fungi have on the body
severe itching and skin damage
26
what effects do protists have on the body
fevers and illness
27
what type of pathogen is salmonella
bacteria
28
what type of pathogen is gonorrhoea
bacteria
29
what type of pathogen is rose black spot
fungus
30
what type of pathogen is athlete's foot
fungus
31
what type of pathogen is TMV
virus
32
what type of pathogen is flu
virus
33
what type of pathogen is HIV
virus
34
what type of pathogen is measles
virus
35
how does salmonella spread
contaminated raw food
36
how does gonorrhoea spread(2)
spread through sex with infected people, can also be spread through childbirth
37
how does rose black spot spread
produces spores that are released under wet conditions
38
how does athlete's foot spread
touching infected skin/contaminated places
39
how does TMV spread(2)
contaminated equipment, plant wounds after human handling
40
how does flu spread
cough/sneeze droplets from infected person are in the air and spread to close proximity
41
how does HIV spread
bodily fluids from someone who has it
42
how does measles spread
contaminated person sneezes and coughs and if you are in the room under 2 hours from them you will most likely get it
43
what are the symptoms of salmonella(3)
diarrhoea, stomach cramps, fever
44
what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea(2)
burning feeling when peeing, white/yellow/green discharge
45
what are the symptoms of rose black spot(5)
enlarging black patch on leaves, yellowing of leaves, dropping leaves, small black lesions, can lose all leaves
46
what are the symptoms of athlete's foot(3)
dry flaky skin, cracked skin, blistered skin
47
what are the symptoms of TMV(2)
brown spots on leaf surface, stunted growth
48
what are the symptoms of flu(7)
fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle aches, headaches, fatigue
49
what are the symptoms of aids(5)
fever, headache, rash, rapid weight loss, chronic diarrhoea
50
what are the symptoms of measles(5)
fever, rash, cough, diarrhoea, can lead to pneumonia death brain damage etc
51
what are the treatments for salmonella(4)
good food hygiene, cook food thoroughly, don't use raw eggs, good personal hygiene
52
what are the treatments for gonorrhoea(2)
long lasting relationship with those without, latex condoms when having sex
53
what are the treatments for rose black spot(2)
destroy fallen leaves, prune all lesions before leaves appear
54
what are the treatments for athlete's foot(3)
cream to stop fungus growing, dry feet, don't walk barefoot in communal areas
55
what are the treatments for TMV(5)
no known cure, burn diseased plants, remove decaying leaves, regular inspections, thoroughly disinfect equipment of contaminated plants
56
what are the treatments for flu(3)
cover mouth and nose, wash hands often, vaccination
57
what are the treatments for Aids(3)
condoms, don't share needles, daily medicine
58
what are the treatments for measles(2)
MMR shot, hospital
59
what is an example of a protist disease
malaria- carried by mosquitos
60
what is the protist that causes malaria called
plasmodium
61
what is the vector in malaria
mosquitos
62
what does malaria do
causes recurrent fever episodes and can be fatal
63
how is the spread of malaria controlled(2)
preventing breeding- mosquitos lay eggs in water so ditches are regularly drained, mosquito nets to avoid being bitten as mosquitos are resistant to most sprays
64
how do vaccines prevent diseases
small amounts of dead/inactive pathogens are put into your body, often by injection. the antigens in the vaccine stimulate the WBCs into making the antibodies. the antibodies destroy the pathogen without a risk of you getting the disease. you are immune to future infections by the pathogen because the memory cells are used to rapidly respond and make the correct antibody as if you have already had it
65
what is herd immunity
a concept where not everyone has to be vaccinated to get rid of a disease. just enough that it can't transfer easily to survive
66
why does nitrate deficiency cause stunted growth
nitrate is used to make amino acids which are used for protein synthesis
67
why does magnesium deficiency lead to yellowing leaves
magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll
68
what are 3 mechanical defences on a plant with explanations on how they work
mimicry as some plants make it look like aphids are feeding on them, hairs on leaves to stop larvae reaching the epidermis, thorns to impale insects and prevent them laying eggs. deter herbivores and wear their teeth down
69
what are 2 chemical defences on a plant with explanations on how they work
production of antibacterial chemicals which are increased when attacked by herbivores or pathogens, production of poison which tastes bad to deter predators
70
what are 3 physical defences on a plant with explanations on how they work
tough waxy cuticles that prevent pathogens entering the epidermis, cellulose wall to prevent pathogens from entering the cell, bark to prevent pests from attacking the cells
71
what must a good drug be(3)
effective, safe, stable
72
what is efficacy
the ability to prevent or cure a disease or make you feel better
73
what is safety
not too toxic with undesirable side effects
74
what is stability
must be possible for it to be stored for a period of time
75
what are the 6 stages of drug testing
pre clinical, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3, MHRA review, additional post market testing
76
what happens during the pre clinical stage
testing on cells and 2 types of mammals
77
what happens during phase 1
20-80 healthy volunteers are used to determine dose and safety as they are given a slowly increasing dose
78
what happens during phase 2
100-300 sick volunteers test efficacy and side effects
79
what happens during phase 3
1000-5000 volunteers monitor long term reactions
80
what is a placebo
a treatment that doesn't contain the drug but looks the same
81
what is a blind trial
a trial where volunteers don't know if they have the drug. reliable as no bias
82
what is a double blind trial
a trial where volunteers and doctors don't know who gets what. more reliable as no bias
83
what was thalidomide originally developed as
a sleeping pill
84
what other condition did thalidomide appear to treat
morning sickness
85
what problems were found with thalidomide
babies were born with birth defect E.g. short limbs
86
what happened to thalidomide
it was banned
87
what is thalidomide used for now
leprosy and lymphoma
88
how does antibiotic resistance develop
mutations happen in the genes of a bacteria cell. these stop the cell being killed by the antibiotic. these bacteria are known as resistant. bacteria without the mutation die or can't reproduce when in contact with the antibiotic. resistant bacteria face less competition from normal bacteria and reproduce. there become more and more resistant bacteria.
89
what are MABs
they are produced by lymphocytes and are specific to one pathogen.
90
how are MABs produced
an antigen is injected into a mouse so the mouse's lymphocytes make a particular antibody. lymphocytes are combined with a tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell. hybridoma cells can divide and make antibodies rapidly. hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody. large amount of the antibodies are collected and purified
91
what are the uses of MABs with examples(3)
diagnosis E.g. pregnancy tests, research E.g. locate specific molecules using a dye, treat some diseases E.g. cancer

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