heart and blood flow

Question 1

why is the heart called a double pump

Answer 1

it pumps blood twice, once tot he lungs and once around the body.

Question 2

how is the blood on the left different from the blood on the right

Answer 2

left is oxygenated right is deoxygenated. these sides do not mix

Question 3

what tissue makes up most of the heart

Answer 3

cardiac muscle

Question 4

what does the heart need to keep working

Answer 4

energy ( glucose and oxygen through the blood)

Question 5

how is energy supplied to the heart

Answer 5

respiration and and blood through the coronary arteries

Question 6

why is the left ventricle the biggest chamber

Answer 6

thicker muscle wall because it needs to contract stronger to provide more pressure to send blood to the body.

Question 7

where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart and through what

Answer 7

right atrium through the vena cava

Question 8

what happens when the atriums relax

Answer 8

blood enters them

Question 9

what happens when the atriums contract

Answer 9

blood is forced through the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles

Question 10

what happens when the RV contracts

Answer 10

blood is forced past the semi lunar valves and along the pulmonary artery to the lungs. the atrioventricular valve closes.

Question 11

what are the valves anchored by

Answer 11

heartstrings/ valve tendons

Question 12

what happens when the ventricles relax

Answer 12

the semi lunar valves close

Question 13

where does blood enter the LA from and through what

Answer 13

the lungs through the pulmonary vein

Question 14

what happens when the LV contracts

Answer 14

blood is forced past the semi lunar valves into the aorta

Question 15

what does the aorta do

Answer 15

distributes blood to all the organs where it becomes deoxygenated

Question 16

does the right and the left of the heart contract and relax in synchrony

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

do all for chambers have different internal volumes

Answer 17

no- they all have the same

Question 18

what happens in stage 1 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 18

heart relaxes and blood enters both atria

Question 19

what happens in stage 2 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 19

Atria contract at the same time forcing blood into the ventricles

Question 20

what happens in stage 3 of the cardiac cycle

Answer 20

ventricles contract forcing blood into the pulmonary artery or aorta

Question 21

why is the structure of a fish heart different to a human one

Answer 21

they have a single circulatory system due to not being very active as the water helps them fight gravity. their blood is at a lower pressure.

Question 22

how is the structure of a fish heart different to a humans

Answer 22

fish blood goes from body-gills-heart-body instead of body-heart-lungs-heart-body. fish also only have 1 atrium and ventricle.

Question 23

what are some advantages of a heart transplant

Answer 23

QoL improvement, can save lives allows exercise freely

Question 24

what are some advantages of artificial hearts

Answer 24

good temporary measure, lifesaving

Question 25

what are some heart transplant disadvantages

Answer 25

few donor hearts, long recovery time, expensive, risk of rejection

Question 26

what are some disadvantages of an artificial heart

Answer 26

have to carry a 7kg pump round with you, pump noisy, expensive to maintain, limits you

Question 27

what happens if a coronary artery becomes blocked

Answer 27

reduced blood flow to cardiac muscle- less oxygen and glucose delivered for respiration- lack of energy- muscle stops

Question 28

what chemical sticks to the walls of blood vessels

Answer 28

cholesterol

Question 29

what are fatty deposits called

Answer 29

Atheroma

Question 30

what are 3 consequences of cholesterol sticking to the lining of coronary arteries

Answer 30

1. blocks artery,- diameter of vessel reduced 2. if membrane breaks, blood clots can form 3. heart attack

Question 31

what is the blood blockage called

Answer 31

clot/Thrombosis

Question 32

what is Angina

Answer 32

heart pain when you do exercise, arteries got some fatty deposits but not too many however it still takes a while for oxygen and glucose to reach them. warning sign of cardiac arrest.

Question 33

what is a cardiac arrest

Answer 33

heart stops beating due to too much fat so blood cant get through and the cells are starved resulting in them shutting down

Question 34

what are some unavoidable factors for getting heart disease

Answer 34

age, genetics, gender

Question 35

what are some avoidable factors for getting heart disease

Answer 35

diet, exercise, smoking

Question 36

what 3 things can be done to reduce chances of a heart attack

Answer 36

1. exercise regularly- at least 90 mins a week 2. eat healthy- balanced diet 3. don't smoke

Question 37

what does a stent do

Answer 37

Used to widen an artery

Question 38

what conditions can a stent treat

Answer 38

a heart attack or fatty build ups in the arteries.

Question 39

how is a stent inserted

Answer 39

A catheter is inserted through the groin to the artery. This catheter has a balloon in some steel. When this reaches the artery, the balloon is inflated, widening the artery allowing blood to go through the artery at a normal rate.

Question 40

what are 3 advantages of stents

Answer 40

Long term effect​ Swift and simple recovery​ Not very invasive compared to other options

Question 41

what are 3 disadvantages of stents

Answer 41

Blood vessel may collapse​ Allergic reaction to stent material​ Blood clot forming on the stent

Question 42

what do artificial valves do and what do they replace

Answer 42

Diseased and damaged heart valves. These new ones do the same job as heart valves are supposed to

Question 43

how are artificial valves placed in your body

Answer 43

2 ways- 1 way is through surgery where your chest is cut open and your heart is stopped and temporarily replaced by a machine. The second way is inserting a tube through the groin where a folded valve comes on top of the original.

Question 44

what are some advantages of biological artificial valves(3)

Answer 44

Doesn’t require blood thinners​ Lower risk of clots forming​ Works with pregnancy

Question 45

what are some disadvantages of biological artificial valves(3)

Answer 45

Only lasts 8-15 years​ Degenerates which affects the valves​ Costs 2x as much as mechanical

Question 46

what are some advantages of mechanical artificial valves(3)

Answer 46

20-30+ years lasting​ Doesn’t degrade over time​ Low price

Question 47

what are some disadvantages of mechanical artificial valves(3)

Answer 47

Requires medication for a lifetime​ Higher chance of blood clots​ Risk of foetal malformations

Question 48

what does a pacemaker do

Answer 48

it tells your heart to beat by sending electric signals

Question 49

what does an artificial pacemaker treat

Answer 49

Abnormally fast/slow heartbeats, heart blocks and cardiac arrest.

Question 50

how is an artificial pacemaker placed in your body

Answer 50

The generator is placed under the skin near the collarbone on the left of the chest. A wire is then directed through the vena cava to the pacemaker in your heart.

Question 51

what are some advantages of an artificial pacemaker(3)

Answer 51

Improve quality of life for people with slow heart rates, allowing them to do exercise without getting shortness of breath​ Quick recovery​ Common surgery

Question 52

what are some disadvantages of an artificial pacemaker(3)

Answer 52

Could malfunction leading to further surgery​ Need regular check ups​ May feel uncomfortable

Question 53

what is the direction of blood flow in an artery

Answer 53

from heart

Question 54

what is the direction of blood flow in a vein

Answer 54

to heart

Question 55

what is the oxygen content of blood in an artery

Answer 55

oxygenated

Question 56

what is the oxygen content of blood in a vein

Answer 56

deoxygenated

Question 57

what vein and artery carries the opposite blood oxygen content to normal

Answer 57

pulmonary

Question 58

what is the CO2 content of blood in an artery

Answer 58

low

Question 59

what is the CO2 content of blood in a vein

Answer 59

high

Question 60

what is the blood pressure in an artery

Answer 60

high

Question 61

what is the blood pressure in a vein

Answer 61

low

Question 62

what is the speed of flow in an artery

Answer 62

high

Question 63

what is the speed of flow in a vein

Answer 63

low

Question 64

is there a pulse in an artery

Answer 64

yes

Question 65

is there a pulse in a vein

Answer 65

no

Question 66

how thick is the wall in an artery

Answer 66

thick

Question 67

how thick is the wall in a vein

Answer 67

thinner

Question 68

are there valves in an artery

Answer 68

no

Question 69

are there valves in a vein

Answer 69

yes

Question 70

what is the diameter of lumen to wall thickness in an artery

Answer 70

small

Question 71

what is the diameter of lumen to wall thickness in a vein

Answer 71

large

Question 72

what is a capillary

Answer 72

a small blood vessel that links veins to arteries

Question 73

where are capillaries found

Answer 73

in the organs normally but can be found around the body

Question 74

what substances pass out of the blood through the capillaries wall to the organs(3)

Answer 74

oxygen, glucose, soluble products of digestion

Question 75

what substance goes into the capillaries from the tissue

Answer 75

CO2

Question 76

how do substances move between the blood and the tissues

Answer 76

diffusion through the cell wall

Question 77

what adaptations does the capillary have that allows cells to easily diffuse through it

Answer 77

1 cell thick walls and permeable

Question 78

how much of the blood is cells

Answer 78

45%

Question 79

what do WBC do

Answer 79

fight infections

Question 80

what are the 2 types of WBC and what do they do

Answer 80

lymphocytes- make antibodies phagocytes- engulf microbes

Question 81

what do RBC do

Answer 81

carry O2

Question 82

what do platelets do

Answer 82

clot

Question 83

how much of the blood is plasma

Answer 83

55%

Question 84

how much of the plasma is water

Answer 84

90%

Question 85

what is in plasma other then water

Answer 85

dissolved solutes

Question 86

what are the 5 types of dissolved solutes

Answer 86

protein, waste, hormones, products of digestion, minerals

Question 87

what are the 3 types of proteins

Answer 87

antibodies, clotting factors and cholesterolq(LDLs and HDLs)

Question 88

what are the 3 products of digestion

Answer 88

glucose, amino acids and glycerol

Question 89

what are the 3 waste types

Answer 89

CO2, urea and lactic acid

Question 90

what 3 features make the RBC adapted to its function

Answer 90

a biconcave shape, no nucleus and contains haemoglobin

Question 91

how does a RBC benefit from a biconcave shape

Answer 91

gives a higher SA to volume ratio allowing more room for diffusion which increases the efficiency of the cell

Question 92

how does a RBC benefit from having no nucleus

Answer 92

it increases the room for haemoglobin which increases the amount of O2 that can be carried

Question 93

how does a RBC benefit from having haemoglobin

Answer 93

binds to O2 readily allowing it to be transported and the tissues to be supplied with oxygen

Question 94

what is haemoglobin

Answer 94

a molecule that sticks to oxygen and transports it from the lungs to the tissues, it ahs a red pigment

Question 95

what is oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 95

it is the combined molecule of oxygen and haemoglobin

Question 96

where is oxyhaemoglobin found mostly

Answer 96

the lungs

Question 97

what mineral is needed for haemoglobin

Answer 97

iron

Question 98

why do people with an iron deficiency suffer from anaemia

Answer 98

they have less haemoglobin so cant carry as much O2

Question 99

what are good dietary sources of iron

Answer 99

spinach and red meat

Question 100

where does haemoglobin bind with O2

Answer 100

lungs

Question 101

what colour do the cells turn when Oxygen and haemoglobin combine

Answer 101

bright red

Question 102

what does haemoglobin release in the organs

Answer 102

O2

Question 103

how does the O2 get in the cells

Answer 103

diffusion

Question 104

what are platelets and what do they do

Answer 104

small fragments of cells involved in blood clotting

Question 105

what is blood clotting

Answer 105

a series of chemical reactions that turn fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 106

what does lots of fibrin form

Answer 106

a network of fibres

Question 107

what do fibres do

Answer 107

trap blood cells and form clots

Question 108

what do clots harden to form

Answer 108

scabs

Question 109

what blood vessel connects the liver to the gut

Answer 109

hepatic portal vein

Question 110

what artery gives blood to the liver

Answer 110

hepatic

Question 111

what artery gives blood to the gut

Answer 111

mesenteric

Question 112

what artery gives blood to the kidneys

Answer 112

renal